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Transportation AI Businesses United States

The Economic Consequences of Self-Driving Trucks 615

An anonymous reader writes: Last week we learned that self-driving big-rig trucks were finally being deployed on public roads in Nevada for testing purposes. Experts consider trucking to be ripe for replacement with AI because of the sheer volume of trucks on the road, and the relative simplicity of their routes. But the eventual replacement of truck drivers with autonomous driving systems will have a huge impact on the U.S. economy: there are 3.5 million professional truck drivers, and millions more are employed to support and coordinate them. Yet more people rely on truckers to stay in business — gas stations, motels, and restaurants along trucking routes, to name a few.

Now, that's not to say moving forward with autonomous driving is a bad idea — in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important. But we need to start thinking about how to handle the 10 million people looking for work when the (human) trucking industry falls off a cliff. It's likely we'll see another wave of ghost towns spread across the poor parts of the country, as happened when the interstate highway system changed how long-range transportation worked in the U.S.
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The Economic Consequences of Self-Driving Trucks

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  • by dunkindave ( 1801608 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @01:59PM (#49706277)
    The summary says "in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important." My brother is a truck driver, and from what he has told me, and also what I have seen reported multiple times, and what I have seen myself, the vast majority of accidents involving trucks are caused by car drivers misbehaving around truck. They pull stunts like pulling in front of them at merges then hitting the brakes. An autonomous truck will hit such a car just like a manned truck, so I think the claim that automating the trucks will save most of those lives is wrong.
    • by tompaulco ( 629533 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:03PM (#49706293) Homepage Journal

      The summary says "in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important." My brother is a truck driver, and from what he has told me, and also what I have seen reported multiple times, and what I have seen myself, the vast majority of accidents involving trucks are caused by car drivers misbehaving around truck. They pull stunts like pulling in front of them at merges then hitting the brakes. An autonomous truck will hit such a car just like a manned truck, so I think the claim that automating the trucks will save most of those lives is wrong.

      Your brother is correct. Professional drivers can drive hundreds of thousands of miles per year, while Joe Blow in his Honda may do 15,000. Statistics show that most accidents involving a larger truck are, in fact, the fault of the car. So automating trucking won't help.

      • by __aaltlg1547 ( 2541114 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:47PM (#49706523)

        It will help SOME. Automatic drivers will not suffer degradations of reaction time due to distractions or getting sleepy. But that might just prompt drivers to be even more risky around trucks because they assume it will always be able to react to whatever stupid shit they pull. (Physics be damned!)

      • The trucking industry USED to be pretty well regarded for having top notch drivers. I don't think this is the case today. Some of the trucking schools were caught red-handed passing students who had "stand ins" taking the exams for them, for example. And all too often, long-haul drivers are pressed to drive so many hours at a time that they're really not that safe and alert at the wheel some of the time.

        The drivers I saw hired at a manufacturing place I used to work for were not exactly pillars of societ

    • The summary says "in 2012, roughly 4,000 people died in accidents with large trucks, and almost all of the accidents were caused by driver error. Saving most of those lives (and countless injuries) is important." My brother is a truck driver, and from what he has told me, and also what I have seen reported multiple times, and what I have seen myself, the vast majority of accidents involving trucks are caused by car drivers misbehaving around truck. They pull stunts like pulling in front of them at merges then hitting the brakes. An autonomous truck will hit such a car just like a manned truck, so I think the claim that automating the trucks will save most of those lives is wrong.

      What makes you think that the autonomous truck will hit the car just like a manned truck? I'd think that with the sensors on the truck tied directly into the autonomous control systems the autotruck could react thousands of times faster and more effectively than a human being truck driver.

      Have you seen what autonomous cars can do? I've seen video of a driverless car parallel parking in a space just barely able to accept the car; by speeding up to the parking space and doing a handbrake turn so that the car

      • Re: (Score:2, Informative)

        by Anonymous Coward

        the autonomous control systems the autotruck could react thousands of times faster and more effectively than a human being truck driver.

        If a truck's stopping distance is 2/3 of a mile, and a car comes to a complete stop in 1/4 of a mile directly in front of the truck, it does not matter how fast the truck's reaction time is. That car is going to have a bad day.

      • by mrchaotica ( 681592 ) * on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:35PM (#49706463)

        What makes you think that the autonomous truck will hit the car just like a manned truck? I'd think that with the sensors on the truck tied directly into the autonomous control systems the autotruck could react thousands of times faster and more effectively than a human being truck driver.

        Hmm... looks like somebody failed at learning Amdahl's Law.

        Let's say a truck is driving at 60 MPH (88 feet per second) when somebody jumps in front of it, 88 feet away. The driver will take 0.5 seconds (44 feet) to react, then the truck's air-brakes will take another 0.5 seconds (44 feet) to engage. By that time, the truck will have hit the person. Then the truck will take another 355 feet [maafirm.com] to come to a stop.

        Let's replace the human-driven truck with an automated one, and assume that the computer is unrealistically perfect and manages to reduce the reaction time to zero (seconds or feet). In that case, it still takes 0.5 seconds (44 feet) for the air brakes to engage, so the truck has "only" 311 feet of braking distance left to travel when it hits the person.

        In other words, reaction time accounts for only about 10% of the total stopping distance, so the maximum improvement gained by switching to an autonomous truck would be about 10%. That's not zero, but it's also not "thousands of times" better, as you claimed.

        • by sl149q ( 1537343 )

          Correct, but for people or cars between 311 and 355 feet they will be alive instead of dead.

          This is not a binary solution. Just incrementally better than the current (human drivers) solution.

      • by ultranova ( 717540 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:43PM (#49706503)

        What makes you think that the autonomous truck will hit the car just like a manned truck? I'd think that with the sensors on the truck tied directly into the autonomous control systems the autotruck could react thousands of times faster and more effectively than a human being truck driver.

        That won't help. The problem with trucks isn't human reaction speed, it's the sheer amount of kinetic energy that needs to be dissipated for one to stop. A 60-ton truck going at 50 mph has 29 MJ of kinetic energy. For it to stop, every single joule needs to go somewhere, and with current technology that means they'll turn to heat. And that means it's going to take a while as that heat dissipates - the brakes will literally melt if you try to brute-force a shorter braking distance, for example by increasing braking system pressure.

        Alternatively, just consider how much damage is caused by a truck crash. Physics don't care if it's another car's rear or the truck's own brakes it's pushing against; any object that tries to stop its motion in a hurry is going to be hit by those same forces.

    • by alen ( 225700 )

      yes, the famous drive in the middle lane and cut off someone in the right lane to make the exit

    • by MetricT ( 128876 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:31PM (#49706453)

      To give a counterexample, I was driving down a long hill that I have driven daily for 20+ years. At the bottom of the hill, right before it went around a curve, I saw cars hitting their brakes, and knew there was probably a traffic jam around the corner, so I started slowing down.

      There was a truck driver pretty far behind me, and he didn't bother slowing down until he came around the curve, saw the traffic jam, locked his brakes, and ran off the road, and blamed me for the accident.

      I'm a physics major, so I measured the location of where he locked his brakes, and the point he came to a stop. A little high school algebra showed he was moving 80-85 MPH in a 70 MPH zone when he hit his brakes.

      For that reason, I subsequently installed a dashcam in my car. It pays for itself the first time some idiot lies and tries to pin the blame on you.

      • by kmahan ( 80459 )

        Automated trucking might have prevented that. Rather than the driver being an isolated unit (or in a perfect world listening to some radio station with local traffic) the automated truck can be in communication with other automated trucks and regional traffic control systems. With some subsystem paying 100% attention to it.

      • I'm a physics major, so I measured the location of where he locked his brakes, and the point he came to a stop. A little high school algebra showed he was moving 80-85 MPH in a 70 MPH zone when he hit his brakes.

        Correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't you need to know rather more than where he locked his brakes and where he stopped? Mass of the truck? Coefficient of friction between tires and road, which will depend on tire pressure, road conditions, temperature...?

        Your point that plenty of drivers are woefully inattentive is valid, of course. I've seen the same situation as you describe occur on countless occasions on the windy* roads where I live (where it often helps to look out for reflections of cars on the side

    • I agree: automating truck driving will not decrease truck-car crashes very much since most of those are caused by the car driver.

      I don't see much of a future for drone trucks, though. Instead I think the role of the truck driver will change, with less emphasis on managing the controls and more on the strategies involved. Such as selecting between alternate routes when road conditions up ahead have changed, supervising loading and unloading, monitoring the truck's performance and intervening when something-

      • by kyrsjo ( 2420192 )

        > Instead I think the role of the truck driver will change, with less emphasis on managing the controls and more on the strategies involved.

        Sure. That job can be done from behind a desk tough, managing not just one single truck but dozens of them, at the same time. With the added benefit of being home for dinner (or breakfast, if you get the night shift).

        Trucks have the advantage to planes, that in case of a malfunction, it is much easier to pull over and stop. A service car could then be dispatched, i.e

      • by sl149q ( 1537343 )

        There are numerous different scenarios. Long haul trucking (for example) may end up being totally autonomous, just having a human driver picked up when close to leaving the freeway system.

        Local delivery (Fed Ex, UPS etc) will still have an operator (or perhaps two or more) that can jump out with the package while the delivery truck drives around the block (or drops the second operator at a second location.) While going between locations the operators sort packages. When empty the operators may get dropped o

    • by swb ( 14022 )

      The plural of anecdote is not data. While your brother may actually be honest and not biasing himself in favor of himself, it's not clear that truck drivers are always in the right or even mostly in the right.

      I've seen a lot of bad truck driving behavior -- abrupt lane changes, following too close, failure to yield, speeding, etc. When in Arizona last winter it was fairly appalling how badly trucks drove on I-10 between Tuscon and Benson. In fact there was a semi that crashed and burned on the westbound

    • by pellik ( 193063 )
      There are many accidents that would be prevented if truck drivers did what they were supposed to. A friend of mine died when a traffic jam on the freeway backed up almost to the top of a hill. She was stopped in traffic and then a semi behind her crests the hill at 70mph with maybe 100ft to stop.

      When I got my CDL I remember being told you should always have your foot on the break when you go over a hill, but I never remember doing it. There are so many situations where caution is ignored, such as stoppin
  • by Etherwalk ( 681268 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:02PM (#49706283)

    In NJ, you aren't allowed to pump your own gas so that you will keep the guy who pumps it employed. They *could* have employed him dong something useful--thing TVA-type programs where he's doing a job to improve the environment, for example--but this is what they picked. There will be pushback against automated trucks in a similar fashion, although of course they're so much more proficient that they will prevail in the end.

    There are a lot of trucks where liability or small tasks that still require human judgment will keep with human drivers for a good long while yet. Fuel Trucks delivering to local gas stations, septic trucks and heating oil trucks that have to find a port in every person's yard, etc...

    I do wonder whether the amount of stuff that falls off the back of the truck will go up or down. Less oversight of the stuff, but less chance for a driver to be in collusion with the people who fall things off the back of trucks.

    • Nowadays this law sticks around because people who are unable to pump their own gas (i.e. would need to seek full service pumps) and people afraid to get out of their cars raise a huge stink whenever repeal is considered.
      • by C0R1D4N ( 970153 )
        It is actually big oil who keeps lobbying to prevent the repeal. Not quite sure what they gain from the law but it is unenforced anyway. Sometimes the attendant will make a stink if you try to pump yourself but mostly they are happy to let you.
      • by mrchaotica ( 681592 ) * on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:46PM (#49706521)

        There are no such people. I mean, if there were, then WTF would they do when they go on a trip to a different state? Stand next to the gas pump and act helpless, like a drooling moron?

        I went to visit in-laws in Oregon a while back, and was amazed at how much of a pain in the ass getting gas there was. In normal states, you can just get out, pump the gas, pay, and leave. But in Oregon? In Oregon you have to wait in line for fucking ever because they have one guy running around handling all the pumps and there's a line of cars waiting because he can't keep up. People from Oregon say "oh, isn't it great how we don't have to pump our own gas?" No, it really fucking isn't! It's worse!

    • I wonder if the initial model for long-distance trucks will be trucks that runs 24 hours per day, while an attendant rides the truck for the few remaining manual task. Heck, you could have an outsourced programmer working 2 jobs at the same time: programming and baby-sitting the truck!. Increasing the number of hours per day that the truck runs is a significant increase in productivity.
  • And taxi drivers. Stop uber!

  • by JWW ( 79176 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:03PM (#49706297)

    I can't imagine that even with trucks driving themselves, that we wouldn't want or need someone being with the truck. For interactions with people for delivery, to handle mechanical problems or unexpected issues that would arise.

    I just don't think it'll be the employment collapse everyone is imagining, I just think we'll move from truck driver to truck manager.

    • by queazocotal ( 915608 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:07PM (#49706317)

      Why would you want one person per one truck, when you can have a customer service team with one person per hundred trucks?

    • by ghjm ( 8918 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:13PM (#49706351) Homepage

      We won't have a truck manager on every truck. We'll have truck managers responsible for a region of maybe a couple hours' drive. When a truck gets sick, the local truck manager drives out to where it is and fixes it. So we're replacing a couple million jobs with a couple thousand.

    • by joss ( 1346 )

      this guy explained the problem better than i can: https://www.youtube.com/watch?... [youtube.com]

    • For some jobs you can eliminate the person that goes along with the truck. For example when the truck is making deliveries to warehouses or stores and there are people there that can load or offload what is needed. When you have lots of small deliveries or need a task done at each spot then you still need someone or people to go along with the truck. Say a furniture delivery business or a moving company. But they can find people easier since they wouldn't need to have someone with a special license anym

  • 3.5 million truckers (Score:4, Informative)

    by tompaulco ( 629533 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:06PM (#49706315) Homepage Journal

    But the eventual replacement of truck drivers with autonomous driving systems will have a huge impact on the U.S. economy: there are 3.5 million professional truck drivers, and millions more are employed to support and coordinate them.

    Who said anything about replacing truck drivers with autonomous driving systems? Airplanes have autopilot, but they still require TWO pilots. Autonomous trucking systems will be no different. Somebody will have to drive it in city traffic and park it at the freight terminal, and take over when the autonomous system doesn't know how to handle a situation. The difference is that in a plane you usually have seconds or minutes to take over the system, whereas on a road with cars mere feet away, a trucker will have fractions of a second to respond and take over to a situation.

    • "autonomous driving systems" makes me think of trains.
    • Who said anything about replacing truck drivers with autonomous driving systems? Airplanes have autopilot, but they still require TWO pilots. Autonomous trucking systems will be no different. Somebody will have to drive it in city traffic and park it at the freight terminal, and take over when the autonomous system doesn't know how to handle a situation. The difference is that in a plane you usually have seconds or minutes to take over the system, whereas on a road with cars mere feet away, a trucker will have fractions of a second to respond and take over to a situation.

      If a plane could simply pull over on the outskirts of town to meet its harbor pilot, long haul freight plane pilots would be on the block, too.

    • by ultranova ( 717540 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:53PM (#49706551)

      Somebody will have to drive it in city traffic and park it at the freight terminal, and take over when the autonomous system doesn't know how to handle a situation. The difference is that in a plane you usually have seconds or minutes to take over the system, whereas on a road with cars mere feet away, a trucker will have fractions of a second to respond and take over to a situation.

      Which is why it's an absurd notion. Human beings can't "take over" in a fraction of a second, especially since they're out of practice from not driving the car and daydreaming (at best). An automated car has to handle every situation it encounters on its own, otherwise it's worse than useless.

      • by R3d M3rcury ( 871886 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @03:49PM (#49706879) Journal

        I wouldn't say it's worse than useless. But it may not be the panacea that we expect.

        First, I have my doubts about the whole "A.I. Can Handle Anything" theory. Weather, accidents, and construction can create very creative roadways where you will want a driver behind the wheel who'll be able to figure out and work with human beings on the scene (for example, a cop doing traffic control around an accident).

        So you'll still want drivers. The question is, how many drivers will you need?

        Consider long-haul trucks, which are the ones that are really ripe for automation. They usually have two drivers so that they can run 24 hours at a stretch. I believe--and I may be off--that the rules for these people require that they drive no more than 12 hours. It might be 10 hours, I don't remember. But in any event, the reason you have two drivers is so that you don't have a truck spending 12-14 hours sitting by the side of the road while the single driver sleeps.

        You could get rid of one driver right there. A long haul truck with one driver who can sleep for 12 hours and will only be woken up if something weird is going on that the truck can't handle so it pulled off to the side of the road. That's still saving money versus having two drivers and is certainly not "worse than useless."

        • by sjames ( 1099 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @05:48PM (#49707445) Homepage Journal

          Perhaps more accurately, the A.I. MUST be able to either handle the situation or decide it can't and bring the vehicle to a safe stop to allow a driver to take over. What it must not do is suddenly buzz and expect the human to instantly take over to avoid a crash. Rule number one, the AI is responsible for the vehicle until the human voluntarily indicates he has taken over, no matter what.

  • by gatkinso ( 15975 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:09PM (#49706335)

    Also, refueling? En route maintenance. Stuff like that?

    There is more to being a truck driver than just driving.

    • Also, refueling? En route maintenance. Stuff like that?

      1) Truck signals for fuel.
      2) Dispatch arranges for fuel delivery.
      3) Truck pulls over when/where instructed.
      4) Fuel truck pulls up, driver transfers fuel.
      5) Profit!

      Also, existing truck stops could simply employ drivers to bring autonomous trucks in for fueling and then send them on their way.

      Same basic idea for maintenance.

  • It's My rant (Score:3, Insightful)

    by Jim Sadler ( 3430529 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:15PM (#49706369)
    I have been hammering this point for at least a year and daily on Slashdot. Taxi drivers are also about to be eliminated. Fast food workers will rapidly almost vanish. School teachers are even more prone to no longer being employable. After all one Algebra 1 teacher can serve the entire nation. The challenge is not unemployment . Massive unemployment is a given. But as jobs vanish businesses will fold quickly. The REAL CHALLENGE is a complete change in social and economic policies so that people are well payed, not to work. Sales taxes will have to support the system as income taxes will be quite restrained except from the investment sector. If we do not do this quickly we are a dead nation. If we believe in survival of the fit over the weak then what we are seeing is that socialism is fit to survive under conditions that capitalism can not.
    • Re: It's My rant (Score:5, Informative)

      by Anonymous Coward on Saturday May 16, 2015 @02:27PM (#49706433)

      Wrong. The solution is, and has always been, the complete elimination of the now useless people. There will be paradise on earth, one day, but only for the One Percenters. The world is being remade by, and for, the Ruling Elite. If you're not part of it now you will never be and neither will any of your descendants. You're part of the surplus populace scheduled for eradication. Sorry.

      • Okay, as long as we're in conspiracy theory land, I'll bite.

        What route do you expect the 1% to take to eliminating the surplus population? Will they do it Adolph HItler style, with purpose built facilities where the 99% will be rounded up and exterminated? Will they do it Joseph Stalin style and simply deprive the vast population of food and other needed necessities?

        It seems more probable that in a future dystopia, they might claim the best resources for themselves, set up their own communities with heavi

    • by gweihir ( 88907 )

      While I do not agree on the teachers (that idea has now failed many, many times), I agree on the rest. Capitalism cannot work in a post-production society. Distribute the wealth some other way or society dies.

    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

      History disagrees with most of the things you said. As menial, unskilled and repetitive jobs get eliminated, the service industry grows. Fast food servers have been useless for a long time, but they're very rarely replaced by automation. The enormous service industries that are hallmarks of successful western economies are make work programs because we have this antiquated idea that everyone needs a 40+ hour a week job. Plus, most people like having others serve them.

    • If we believe in survival of the fit over the weak then what we are seeing is that socialism is fit to survive under conditions that capitalism can not.

      We've already seen it. The age of crisis lasting from the start of first to the end of second world war basically brought an end to laissez-faire capitalism. Things we have now - from social security to 40-hour workweek - were all reforms demanded by the labour movement. And attempts to return to the good old Gilded Age are backfiring quite spectacularly up

  • There's still lots for people to do with those trucks. People have to load them, drive them between loading/unloading and staging areas, maintain them, fuel them, etc. Sure, a computer can back up a semi to a loading dock, but the logistics are more complicated than that, so humans will be involved. So basically, the effect of having self-driving trucks is that the same people that drive them all around the country can now just live at end and way points, and we can deploy more trucks for them to handle

  • Don't (at least some) truck drivers own their truck?

    Buy an autonomous truck, sit back and rake in the dough.

    A good model would be to train some drivers in maintenance and repair. It's like the old automated plane joke - there will be a pilot and a dog, the pilot to make sure nothing goes wrong and the dog to bite the pilot if he touches anything

  • It seems like the first and most obvious step for the trucking industry is to replace trucks on the long haul only. For example, one driver might drive the truck to the highway onramp and send it on its way, then the truck drives itself for hours and hours to where it is at an offramp by another driver who takes it to its final destination.

    Self-driving will certainly reduce the work available for truckers, but it will be a really long time before it eliminates them. Tractor trailers are not only difficult t

    • by itzly ( 3699663 )

      Tractor trailers are not only difficult to maneuver, but often require very difficult maneuvers to park where they can be unloaded or unhitched.

      Sounds like a perfect job for a computer to solve.

  • I see this every time a new technology that comes along that could replace human laborers, technology means millions will lose their jobs. What always happens is that these people all seem to be capable of finding other work. The work I do in computers did not exist before computers existed. Before the electronic computers existed there was a job description called "computer". Had I lived in an earlier age I'd probably be employed as one of those computers.

    Another reason that truck drivers won't find th

    • by itzly ( 3699663 )

      What always happens is that these people all seem to be capable of finding other work

      So far.

      When there are no more unskilled jobs left, the people who can't get skills will not get a replacement job.

  • If I was living in some remote rural town, say in southeast Utah that was 100 miles from the nearest Walmart and suddenly they start offering free delivery via self driving car on everything in the store, I think that would be kind of cool.

    What about having a self driving camper with satellite wifi? You could sit in the back and do your digital nomad thing while the self driving car figured everything else and drove you all sorts of cool places.

  • by pointbeing ( 701902 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @03:20PM (#49706717)

    ...I was a trucker long before I was a geek.

    Autonomous trucks will still need fuel, most truckers don't sleep in hotels and I can't speak for anybody else but when I was a driver I ate one sit-down meal a day when I stopped for fuel.

    Will be interested to see how AI deals with a mountain pass or city traffic; I think autonomous trucks will need human assistance for at least the foreseeable future.

  • by Karmashock ( 2415832 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @03:23PM (#49706729)

    This fool wants to keep makework jobs where people pretend they're useful just so they can have a bullshit job.

    That isn't going to give you a healthy economy.

    Do we need to worry about how people are going to get work? Yep.

    But you do that by getting them competitive jobs that robots don't do better than them.

    Did holding back automation save the manufacturing jobs in the rust belt? Nope. All the work went to china instead. So good work. Instead of losing 50 percent of the jobs in the factory you lost 100 percent. Genius.

    This is a tech site... embrace the technology or I don't even want to hear your stupid whining Luddite ass.

  • by dyslexicbunny ( 940925 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @06:00PM (#49707517)

    Taxis, buses, professional drivers, insurance claims, body shops, traffic cops...

    Those individuals will be just as affected. And this technology will advance regardless of whether people like it or not. Either we're prepared to accept a future where labor is no longer as important as it once was and we move to allow all people to pursue other interests (work week reductions as well), we're just going to have larger and larger prisons or social as people won't just accept not eating, or the less fortunate will revolt and there will be blood in the streets.

    I think there's more peaceful ways to do make the transition but I doubt the elite will necessarily approve. For some reason, re-training will continue to be a fantasy solution in their eyes.

  • by Berkyjay ( 1225604 ) on Saturday May 16, 2015 @10:26PM (#49708623)
    ...Guaranteed minimum income. It's the most humane way to integrate full automation into an economy without forcing tens of millions into abject poverty. We're going to have to provide them with welfare one way or another. So why not just provide everyone with the basics for living in this world and allow people to work for what they want beyond that? The key is to move beyond the societal stigma of joblessness.

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