The Arrival of Very Small Memory 175
Roland Piquepaille writes "After the ages of DRAM and SRAM memories, is this time for nanotech memories? ExtremeTech says that "molecular memories" as well as memories based on carbon nanotubes are emerging. With these nanotech memories, several startup companies are envisioning future chips mixing logic, memory and reconfigurable computing elements. One of these promising startups is ZettaCore, which has built a prototype of a molecular memory designed to replace both SRAM and DRAM kinds of memories. These molecules, which are about 1 nanometer in size, are also self-assembling, meaning that they can be manufactured with existing equipment used in the semiconductor industry. This overview contains more details about the technology and includes a diagram of these molecules in a memory array."
Very small memory? (Score:5, Funny)
Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:5, Informative)
The problem I would see with this is the addressing of the ram. You couldn't use straight pins to do that high of number for addressing and what speeds would the buss work at. There are other limiting factors on how much ram you can really work with.
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1)
No, you have to bend the pins slightly before you insert the DIP.
Seriously though, what the hell are you talking about. If you use 64 bits for addressing you get 1.84*10^19 addresses. (18 million terabytes, not 18 terabytes).
The current implementations use 48 bit addressing, which can address something like 250 TB of RAM.
I'm not sure (Score:1)
Re:I'm not sure (Score:2, Informative)
Word Size and Memory Addressing (Score:3, Informative)
If memory were bit addressable, you would be correct. However most modern machines are byte addressable. That means that each memory address refers to a full byte.
It is perfectly possible to build machines that are only word addressable, where a word is 32 bits or 64 bits, or even larger. The advantage is that you can address more memory with a given address size. 32 bit words means address size * 4 bytes, 64 bit means * 8 bytes. The disadvan
Re:I'm not sure (Score:4, Insightful)
Actually, I know that you probably meant MB, but this is a significant point. If your 64bit computer had only word addressable memory (i.e., 64 bit chunks) then the same addressing could address 8 times as many bits (to the word level) as a byte addressable memory could address (to the byte level), and larger chunking is also possible. There could, e.g., be an alternate set of instructions that only addressed information to, e.g., to KB level, or to be more practical, to the 8MB (or 16MB) level (used for memory mapping LARGE disks).
The number of bits does, indeed, tell you how many separate addresses you have, but it doesn't tell you the interpretation of those addresses. There have been bit addressable machines. The CDC 6000/7000 series had 60 bit address chunking (for the main processors...I believe the peripheral processors had character [6-bit] addressability). And there have been many other choices. What the best choice is depends on a mix of what you intend to be doing, and what your hardware is.
So lets look forwards a few years. Unicode is likely to make 16-bit characters the most common chunking size, so byte addressibility will probably go by the wayside and be replaced by 16-bit chunking. This will probably quadruple the number of applications that can use "character-sized integers" as their integer of preference. So double-byte addressing will become the dominant form, and byte instructions will become deprecated, much as bit-level instructions have been deprecated. (They're still kept around for special purposes, but they're hard to reach from anything higher than assembler.)
Given that, byte size addressing will become unused. Probably IO between registers and RAM won't even deal with anything as small as a double-byte. 64 bit chunks are probably the minimum size that will be handled. (Makes the bus design simpler if you just drop any excess you aren't interested in.) And quite likely even that won't be the minimum size...depending on CPU register memory.
Remember, we're still in the early days of 64-bit CPU design. I may doubt that we'll ever go to 128-bit CPUs, but just consider the number of op-codes that even a 64 bit register allows. What I expect instead is that CPU chips will develop large on-chip RAM caches, supplemented by even larger L1-caches, etc. And that an on-chip SMP configuration will develop...how many processors? That will be determined by experimentation and evolution. But the limitation of the pin-outs at the edge of the chip will give a strong reason to find ways to handle compressed data forms. (Compressed here is more like the kind of compression that vector graphics gives over pixel graphics than like bzip2.) Say chips optimize out at 8 cpus per chip. The typical instruction for data from outside the chip would be "move a block of data from the L1 cache to register set n" or "Fill the L1 cache from RAM location x". Which means that memory addressibilty wouldn't be even at the 64-bit level, but at some higher level. Probably, say, 1/8th of an L1 cache. And the L1 cache would be addressible to a smaller level, say 4 64-bit registers. (N.B.: These are wild guesses, merely intended to indicate the kind of addressing that I see as plausible).
So how much memory could a 64-bit cpu address? O' at a wild guess, 2^64 * 64KB. Or more. Or less. (Sorry, it's a quite wild guess.) I don't know what prefix to use for that kind of RAM size, but TB isn't in it.
Of course, this isn't the first generation of 64-bit chips. But we're talking about a pretty speculative form of RAM here...so the CPU that uses it will probably be a generation or two more advanced than the current ones.
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:4, Funny)
Do I detect the foul stench of RDRAM's corpse rising from its grave? (A serial memory bus would certainly help address the pin-count issue.)
I can just see the future (assuming Rambus waits for "Talk Like a Pirate Day" to pounce):
Rambus: Avast, ye scurvy memory-lovers, and prepare to hand over all yer sparkling treasure. We be the Pirates of Rambus IP, and we're here to double yer prices, scuttle yer standards committees, and rape yer sheep.
Flunky: (...whisper whisper whisper...)
Rambus: Errrr...rape yer RAM.
Comment removed (Score:5, Funny)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:5, Interesting)
Sweet.
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:5, Informative)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2, Funny)
What did you just call your daughter?
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
Humanity fears biology because it's messy in ways you can't escape...and it's i
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
Babies are learning verbal and non-verbal communication, perception of space, audible cues...and their learning how to control their parents. That's a lot of work and a woefully short list. Find a behavioral psychology text by McConell wh
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
Still, nobody has anything working yet, so all hats should be in the ring.
That said, I think that connectionist approaches are practically guaranteed to be more CPU intensive than other approaches, and if more than one approach can work, which I consider aprobability, then a higher-level model might need more memory than CPU (at th
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
This isn't so much an issue of memory, as processing power. Some good DSPs would be more helpful here than terabytes of memory.
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
Ever see "Weird Science"? Virtual woman!!!!
But with that much ram, she'd be even better at remembering all of my fuckups than my real girlfriend.
LK
18Tb of RAM? (Score:1)
I'm not greedy.. ;)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
My current desktop computer has 1Gb of RAM. If you had asked me what on earth I would need that much RAM for back then
So, I'm quite sure I'l
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:4, Informative)
Overall I dnt see this tech realy reducing the size of the ram on pin count alone more it will reduce the power consumption and profile of the dimms what increasign the potential density of a new replacement for DIMM's.
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1, Informative)
DDR-II makes possible to use 4Gb chips. They can be used to make 16GB DIMMs. However, it will take a few years before manufacturing technology improves enough to make manufacturing of 4Gb chips possible.
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:1)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
I don't know what boards you're looking at for large memory configurations, but 24GB [amdboard.com], 20GB [tyan.com] both use a maximum 2GB sticks for those. (Having more DDR slots than PCI slots is kinda strange looking)
Now, you could argue that these aren't standard motherboards, but then again, what 64 bit CPU motherboard is? For next year or two, I don't expect to be hitting the 20GB memory limit... ;)
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2, Funny)
yep, yep.. Reminds me of when the MacII first came out. Based on the 68020, it would be, in theory, capable of addressing 2GB of ram. (one bit was used to switch between RAM and I/O space) I did some napkin math and figured that you could camoflage a 2GB memory unit as a desk. The memory would fit in the lid of the desk, with one pillar being a cooling unit, and the other a 16Kilowatt power sup
Re:Perfect for 64bit computing. (Score:2)
- $ units 2^64 tera
(commas mine)* 18,446,744
Right (Score:4, Interesting)
Do they mention if the CPU and motherboard manufacturing companies care? Technology succeeds because of marketing, not because it's innovative or high quality-witness Betamax,
Re:Right (Score:1, Interesting)
Stuff succeeds because of MARKETING?
Technology drives the industry.
So if your correct then if I can out with a terabyte memory module that cost a third of a DDR ram 4 gig module people will still by the more expansive RAM if I find a pretty enough box and advertise on the SuperBowl?!?
Marketing is just one part of a company and the products they market, everybody works together to create a successfull product.
Don't make
Re:Right (Score:1)
Re:Right (Score:1)
Well, you could have a point, except we're not really talking about some consumer media here. if this thing can work, it'll all come down to the manufacturing cost. just look at it, small (can it get much smaller ?), fast, non volatile and doesn't require new fabs.
if on top of that it can get cheap enough, i don't see why it wouldn't appear in all kind of electronic devices, if not all of them.
well, may
Re:Right (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:Right (Score:2)
CPU and motherboard companies probably would not be able to use this until ten years from now. CPU companies may be quietly investigating this already because R&D to production on silicon processes has a long lead time. It won't concern motherboard manufacturers until chips are already sampling.
ideal memory (Score:1, Insightful)
Re:ideal memory (Score:2)
Of course, I'm not anything even remotely like a molecular physicist.
Re:ideal memory (Score:1)
Already being done with conventional technology (Score:5, Informative)
I'm sort of surprised there aren't more FPGA-hackers than there appears to be. It's not hard to learn verilog (very similar to C), and despite what most FPGA designers will tell you, as long as you keep your mind focused on 'everything happens in parallel', a decent programmer can produce good FPGA code too. The start kits (300,000 gates, about enough for a hardware JPEG core and maybe a network MAC) are cheap (100 or so), and designing a processor [fpgacpu.org] is a pretty simple operation, and immensely gratifying
Just my thoughts,
Simon
Re:Already being done with conventional technology (Score:2)
Re:Already being done with conventional technology (Score:1, Informative)
Re:Already being done with conventional technology (Score:2)
Re:Space cowboy is a lying scumbag! (Score:1)
Re:Already being done with conventional technology (Score:1)
but electrical engineers suck at programming so we are even
too good to be true? (Score:1, Funny)
under my electron microscope....
Smaller memory? (Score:2, Funny)
Now... what was I doing?
Emerging technologies (Score:5, Interesting)
Not to state the obvious, but it will take low manufacturing costs, industry willingness, consumer demand, and a whole lot of marketing before this or any other revolutionary changes become de facto standards.
Better, smaller, faster, is no match for cheaper, more accessible, and well-marketed.
Re:Emerging technologies (Score:2, Insightful)
I see every new program require more memory, more porcessing power. More and more information is processed by computer, which does require memory. Even if we could momentarily reduce or maintain memory needs through optimisation of the programs. In the end we will need better, faster and smaller memory. Wheter that is now or not I don't know but in the end the demande will be there.
Additionally, if this memory c
Size doesn't matter (Score:3, Funny)
Non volatile? (Score:5, Interesting)
This could not only increase RAM but mean we have computing devices with just one big memory pool...no Flash, no Disk, no CD, no DVD.........
Can I order mine now please?
Re:Non volatile? (Score:2)
Re:Non volatile? (Score:2)
Re:Non volatile? (Score:1)
Imagine if, when you reset your computer after a crash, whatever caused it to crash was still there. Until someone works out a reliable way of automatically recovering crashed programs and OS's, wiping memory will be necessary. And I don't think having to do a full reformat every time Windows crashes would be fun...
My memory is *smaller* than yours! (Score:3, Funny)
Good news or is it? (Dum Dum Dummm!) (Score:4, Interesting)
Some times there is truth in sarcasm, other times there isn't hmmm.
TFH (Score:2)
Noooo! My tin foil hat might be chipped!
It's quite obvious (Score:4, Funny)
That depends on what kind of memory it is. (Score:2)
Is that straight, curled, or folded memory?
Re:It's quite obvious (Score:2)
Are you sure? 640mm is 25 inches*.
*And as another poster pointed out, your RAM is monodimensional.
How big are your memory chips? (Score:3, Interesting)
The concept is nothing new... (Score:1)
Re:The concept is nothing new... (Score:2)
I don't want these (Score:3, Funny)
Re:I don't want these (Score:1)
Poor misguided SF readers... (Score:2)
Bad comparison (Score:3, Funny)
And one final point: even Drexler's assemblers are only machines. THEY ARE NOT ALIVE!!!! Damn it! They will not eat your brain any more than your feature-filled VCR will.
We'd have a much more intelligent populace if it wasn't for the brain-eating features on modern TVs and VCRs . . .
4 Bits in 8 States? (Score:3, Insightful)
I hope their research is better than their PR. Or maybe their technology really is unique!
Re:4 Bits in 8 States? (Score:1)
Re:4 Bits in 8 States? (Score:2, Insightful)
Nope... They're bob on the money...
0000 = 0 and 1111 = 15... There are only actually 8 states, if you count them
Re:4 Bits in 8 States? (Score:2, Informative)
I wonder... (Score:3, Insightful)
I mean, if the chips become so much smaller, it's easy to see the capacity of i.e. Ram chips will reach levels unimaginable now.
But how are these bits gonna be addressed ? you need *lots* of pins, and how to connect those pins to the logical layer ?
I guess motherboards, processors and such need to be radically redesigned to be able to use this new technology.
How long would it take before mainstream mobo's use other (like i.e. photons instead of electrons) than conventional techniques ?
just curious
r.
Re:I wonder... (Score:4, Insightful)
Nanotech sure will change the way a computer works. If you can have atoms doing the work you have gates doing now you can fit a lot more on a chip. They can manipulate gates at the molecular level now, the problem to be solved is between that tiny world and our big interfaces.
Re:I wonder... (Score:2)
This newfangled nanotech thing is even better than I thought! to bad it won't solve the problem between our big interfaces and Billionaires but I guess that's just the next step...
Re:I wonder... (Score:2, Interesting)
I am not a visionary, BTW, this is more or less how big digital switches in the telecoms industry works. We are just talking about scaling down from board level to chip level.
IMHO, the biggest headache to overcome in the chip industry will not be how to package and interconnect, but how to incorporate "outside world" buffers on the edge of these devices which are powerfull enougth to pump the data,
NExt step (Score:1)
Re:NExt step (Score:1)
Y'know, for the life of me, I can't remember...
Re:NExt step (Score:2, Informative)
Mnemonic. Johnny Mnenonic. Tough word, isn't it?
And it wasn't about lost memory cells, it was about selling storage space in your
enhanced brain...
Re:NExt step (Score:2)
The size factor won't change much (Score:4, Interesting)
The reason is simple, human fingers and hands aren't going to shrink. SDRAM cards are about as small as most people can handle comfortably. SDRAM chips for CPUs work very well not at holding chips but at being easy to install and make positive contact with a large number of contacts on a relatively small edge. The design factors for these things are many, the chips they carry are only a single one of them.
I suppose someday it'll be theoretically possible to put that monster gamer machine in a thinline dress watch, but as they found with the "databank" watches the limitations are the input/output devices average people can comfortably work with, not electronic capabilities.
Re:The size factor won't change much (Score:2)
I'd be quite satisfied popping 24TB of RAM into a machine using a part the size of a slim watch battery. I think my grubby paws could handle that.
Re:The size factor won't change much (Score:2)
I think you're missing something... SDRAM is not designed to be handled on a day-to-day basis (or ev
Creating crystals vs. large-scale patterns (Score:3, Interesting)
I wonder if a better process would be to adapt the proteosynthesis process for creating micro-polypeptide clusters that are circuit elements with highly specific binding sites for self assembly. A DNA sequence would encode an mRNA sequence that is passed to a ribsome-like micro-factory. An alphabet of tRNA units would carry heavily modified amino-acids and provide both the electrical and structural of properties of the polypeptide. Different polypetides might make transistors, autonomous clock circuits, chemical-to-electrical battery subunits, wires, tees, etc.
Part of the DNA sequence would encode binding sites that are highly specific. Each electrical component would have a unique code on each terminal that only binds with the component that it connects to in the circuit. By labelling all the terminii of the components with these specific binging patterns, you the potential for self-assembly. To make a complex circuit, you make separate batches of each component, then mix the batches together and they self-assemble into the circuits. Thus, a soup of appropriately labeled transistors and wires would self-assemble into a soup of full-adder circuits.
The use of larger-scale binding sites would enable hierarchical self-assembly of self-assembled micro-components (e.g., a soup of 1-bit full-adder circuits might self-assemble into a 8-bit full-adders, or 8-bit full-adders might bind to a gated accumulator registers, etc.)
I doubt this technology would let you create a 64-bit processor - the binding-site combinatorics get too ugly. But it might let you create RAM, RFID circuits, or small CPUs (e.g., the Intel 8080 only needs 6000 transistors)
BTW, my post is a modified dup of a previous post of mine [slashdot.org], but I thought it might be relevant.
Re:Creating crystals vs. large-scale patterns (Score:1)
The only thing that will save us is if they're running windows.
Re: (Score:2)
How is this news? (Score:2)
Obligatory 80s microcomputer fanboy reference: anyone else remember the adverts for the Dragon 32 and its "massive 32Kb memory"? The VIC's 5Kb is the smallest amount I've had to work with, but only because I managed to avoid the ZX-81.
It certainly makes you think about browsers whose publicity material describes them as having a "small footprint", which then turns out to mean no more than ten megabytes. Or two thousand VIC-20s, if you wa
Stacking them reduces the footprint... (Score:2)
(Source [myoldcomputers.com] for 16" x 8").
tragic testing mishap (Score:1)
The Size Ramifications and Questions... (Score:2, Interesting)
What I like is that games and simulations can become more complicated because of the increased memory.
Has anyone heard if it is faster or what the power consumption is going to be? I would assume that the power c
Smaller isn't better. Bigger is. (Score:2)
Making a megabyte of SRAM have a smaller footprint won't change much in the current world of microelectronics.
Making a megabyte-sized SMD hold a gigabyte, however...
Bandwidth? (Score:3, Insightful)
I could not grep any 'Bandwidth' occurence in the article.
What's the use of having a 4mm 18Tb chip if the bandwith still is 1Mb/s?
As they used to say: Never underestimate the bandwith of a truck full of tape drives
Existing self-assembly? (Score:2)
OK, where are there existing semiconductor plants using nano-tech self-assembly techniques? That's an odd statement, implying the current UV light and mask etching equipment could just as easily do nano self-assembly.
The self-assembly is on silicone. (Score:3, Insightful)
> using nano-tech self-assembly techniques?
> That's an odd statement, implying the current UV
> light and mask etching equipment could just as
> easily do nano self-assembly.
First of all, "self-assembly" is not "nano-assembly", it is just chrystallization. The process is chemical in nature and would require similar equipment to that of circuit board etching. Second, mask etching is still required to draw the address wires on the silicone subs
Bad news for Microsoft (Score:2)
Too late? (Score:2)
What was the question again?
Reconfigurable memory elements (Score:2)
Basically, the idea is that you put a bunch (from a few dozen to thousands) of very simple arithmatic units integrated right into memory. Inside memory, there is an enormous amount of bandwidth available at the sense amps --- several terabytes per second on current memory chips. These processors could all work in parallel, unfettered by memory bandwi
Excellent (Score:2)
Re:This can be done with FPGAS! (Score:1)