Lockheed Martin Plans Unmanned Aircraft 322
Carl Bialik from the WSJ writes "Lockheed Martin's secretive Skunk Works unit--which previously developed U-2 spy plane, the SR-71 supersonic spy plane and the radar-evading F-117 stealth fighter--has big plans for its latest project: drones. Among the concepts under development, according to the Wall Street Journal: 'One drone would be launched from, and retrieved by, submarines; another would fly at nine times the speed of sound. A third, which is off the drawing board but not quite airborne, has wings designed to fold in flight so that it could rapidly turn from slow-speed spy plane to quick-strike bomber.' The WSJ's reporter also is allowed a rare visit to the Skunk Works complex: 'A factory hall was filled with the prototype of a massive helium-filled airship that one day might ferry troops and heavy equipment to distant battlefields faster and more efficiently than ships--no port or airbase needed. The blimp would float just above the ground on four hover pads, meaning that "you could literally pick a farmer's field" to set down in, says program manager Robert Boyd.'"
big balloon at war (Score:4, Funny)
At least until somebody shot at your gigantic air-filled target...
Re:big balloon at war (Score:3, Funny)
Re:big balloon at war (Score:3, Funny)
Re:big balloon at war (Score:5, Informative)
Given that it would be helium-filled, not air-filled, even so you'd be hard-pressed to destroy an airship outright. Shooting through the fabric walls accomplishes nothing but putting holes in them, and given that your typical airship encompasses a tremendous volume with low pressure at near sea-level, the result would be a very slow deflation (unlike letting go of a party balloon and watching it zip around the room). Also, if it is semi-rigid, it would have an internal structure capable of maintaining integrity even if it lost lift. If they can pull it off, it might be a boon to the military. There's a tiny bit of extra information about it in Wikipedia [wikipedia.org].
Re:big balloon at war (Score:4, Informative)
This was conclusively demonstrated a couple of years ago when a helium-filled weather balloon floated out of control into the air traffic lanes over the Atlantic. The Royal Canadian Air Force sent up a couple of CF-18 fighters to shoot it down. They emptied more than 1,000 rounds of cannon shells into it and there was absolutely no effect. The Canadian "Air Farce" were the laughing stock of the world for a while. Eventually the balloon drifted across the Atlantic, where the British air force went up and showed how it was supposed to be done. They had no effect on the balloon either.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/161148.s tm [bbc.co.uk]
Re:big balloon at war (Score:2)
The commander's comment tells the story. "Very hard to hit."
They probably didn't hit it with more than a couple of those rounds.
If they'd strafed it with 50-mm cannon fire, they'd have shredded a stripe across it, and it would have outgassed and plummeted.
Re:big balloon at war (Score:2)
hmm.. space elevators.. (Score:3, Interesting)
what if you made your blimp out of the same material, in rigid form, and had an empty blimp.
pop quiz, what lifts better, helium, hydrogen, or vaccuum?
Re:hmm.. space elevators.. (Score:2)
Anti-gravity.
Obviously a vacuum would give more lift, but the stresses it exerts on the frame are incredible, requiring a much more massive structure, increasing the weight above any benefit it would provide, so it's not practical.
Hydrogen lifts better than helium, and doesn't have the problem a vacuum poses, but it's flamable, and difficult to contain, and so also impractical.
Re:hmm.. space elevators.. (Score:3, Informative)
Space elevator materials are made to support tremendous load in tension. (Think about the behaviour of a steel cable, for example.) The load on a vacuum vessel would be compressive. You'd be trying to push a rope.
The density of air is about 1.29 kilograms per cubic meter at sea level; the density of helium is about
It's even harder than that. (Score:3, Informative)
Modern helium-filled airships employ multiple gas chambers. You would need to shoot holes in a large number of them to make a dent in it's air-worthiness.
Also, each shot the enemy fires lights them up on the (likely) acompanying Apache strike team's computer-guided weapon systems. An enemy shooter would only manage to get off a couple of good shots before they were disintegrated.
Re:big balloon at war (Score:3, Insightful)
Also, you have to look at things relatively speaking. A lighter than air ship may be large and slow, but to technology that exists today, large heavier than air transports are probably large and slow enough. A lighter than air ship may have a more fr
Re:big balloon at war (Score:2)
UAV (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:UAV (Score:2)
Re:UAV (Score:2)
There are three Air Force squadrons of their products (the Predators), and I'm pretty sure the USAF didn't just buy them over the phone with an Amex card. I of course can't say for sure, but it seems like they probably went through the same acquisition channels as everyone else.
Care to clarify your point? Maybe I'm misunderstanding. I think
Re:UAV (Score:3, Funny)
Noooo!!!! Didn't you see "Stealth" where the plane goes rogue and starts killing everyone??? No? Me either.
Re:UAV (Score:2)
I do. A UAV is really nothing more than a smart delivery system. A bit like a missile, except that it doesn't blow itself up when it gets there. (Though that is always an option.) While the idea of hypersonic delivery systems is nice, you can't drop a bomb at hypersonic velocities. You've got to go subsonic and let loose the payload if you want any chance of hitting your ta
Re:UAV (Score:2)
Von Baun proved that you could, more than 60 years ago.
Re:UAV (Score:2)
What in the world are you talking about?
Re:UAV (Score:2)
No kidding. I considered that he might have been referring to the V-2, but I couldn't believe that anyone with a +2 modifier would be lame enough to confuse a missile with a bomb. Go figure.
Re:UAV (Score:3, Informative)
Uh, nope. (Score:2)
Re:UAV (Score:2, Insightful)
Re:UAV (Score:3, Informative)
I'm not sure that I buy this claim.
If the bomb was guided, as many of them tend to be, and had a system for decreasing its own velocity (i.e., is a somewhat unfortunately-named 'retarded bomb'), then it could be released from the aircraft at a very high speed, change its flight characteristics so as to shed airspeed, and then guide itself to its target.
I know I'm minimizing what would have to be a very complica
Re:UAV (Score:5, Interesting)
I agree with others in that the most versitile combat UAVs will just be a loitering platform for firing missiles and dropping LGBs. You can have some armed with a bunch of AAMs to protect the ones with the air-to-ground ordnance, as well as have some with both types of ordnance.
Re:UAV (Score:2)
Re:UAV (Score:2)
Pilots will be flying these things -- from far away, of course. Not neccessarily from bases on the mainland US -- the speed of light is not infinite, and latency will impact the effectivness of control. But from an airbase, a carrier, or even a submarine close to the action, but not in it? Yes...
Not only will it improve the pilots' safety a lot, and make the aircraft cheaper. Not having to worry about the limitations of the human body will also allow
Re:UAV (Score:2)
That isn't the main reasons that air force would want a UAV. Stealth is not a function of size. The B2 bomber is huge but is harder to detect than a WWI biplane. One of the main reasons for a UAV is the human pilot is becoming a limiting factor in missions. Current UAVs like the Predator can hover over a target for 20 h
hope it's better than their last drone (Score:2, Informative)
Re:hope it's better than their last drone (Score:3, Informative)
Re:hope it's better than their last drone (Score:2)
2- it's 40 years old, so it's a little unfair to compare to modern day uavs
3- it did a lot of things that other operations uavs still can't do today
4- it was hardly lockheed's last uav. if you'd read the article, you'd see they have some currently operational in iraq
Need to compete - a good idea (Score:3, Informative)
Seems like a good idea. However, if these were deployed in other arenas, where the enemy had the ability Jam the "cheap" communication, those drones would be...well...long gone. How do military communication systems handle jamming?
Re:Need to compete - a good idea (Score:2)
This. [fas.org]
Most of the suckers (such as the Predator) are satellite-controlled which means the remote control is from above, which makes it hard to jam from the ground. The communications are also frequency-agile and skip the jammed channels, so it's hard to jam all the bands they use for a long period of time.
Incidentally, the UCAVs fly pretty high and have optical sensors. I wonder if they can pick up radiation sources, especially since they may want to detec
Re:Need to compete - a good idea (Score:5, Insightful)
First, by frequency hoping and other spread-spectrum radio methods.
Second, with bombs. With lots of bombs. With lots of large bombs. With lots of large and fast bombs.
Get the picture? Jamming in a war-zone gives you a very short life expectancy.
Re:Need to compete - a good idea (Score:3, Informative)
Aha! I have defeated your information cloaking to see the secrets within:
Global Hawk http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=17 5 [af.mil]
Desert Hawk http://www.defense-update.com/products/d/deserthaw k.htm [defense-update.com]
Verrry tricky, appending an extra '/' to the end of the URL to make us think it was a broken link. I have added this to my bag of tradecraft for future use, at a time when you least expect it.
Good day.
</neurosis>
Like the skunk works is open to the WSJ? (Score:4, Insightful)
Skunk Works [amazon.com].
This is a group that developed the first operational jet fighters, and that kept the U-2 and SR-71 and stealth planes out of the public eye forever. We think the Wall Street Journal is getting the real story from them? If it's true, you have to wonder why the massive cultural shift at Lockheed is happening just now...
The Germans got there first (Score:5, Informative)
The Messerschmitt Me 262 [wikipedia.org] Schwalbe or "swallow" was the first operational jet powered fighter. It was mass-produced in World War II and saw action from late 1944 in bomber/reconnaissance and fighter/interceptor roles....etc...
Re:The Germans got there first (Score:3, Insightful)
Of course! We learned all about it in school. There's World War II, stinky cheeses, Godzilla, and The French.
We didn't miss anything, did we?
Re:The Germans got there first (Score:4, Funny)
Oh, sure. Next, you'll be telling us that the Americans didn't crack the German Enigma code (as per the film "U-571"), and that instead the code was cracked by a rag-tag collection of scientists, linguists and crossword-puzzle addicts at Bletchley Park in England. http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/ [bletchleypark.org.uk]
The Americans do everything first. Everyone knows that (particularly the Americans).
Re:Like the skunk works is open to the WSJ? (Score:5, Funny)
This is a group that developed the first operational jet fighters
Lockheed made planes for Hitler???
Re:Like the skunk works is open to the WSJ? (Score:2)
Dones? Already been done (Score:5, Funny)
(Yes, I'm being sarcastic)
Re:Dones? Already been done (Score:2)
The Walrus? (Score:2)
not at all new for Lockheed (Score:2)
Re:not at all new for Lockheed (Score:2)
Sky Captain and the World of Tomarrow (Score:2, Funny)
I, for one, Welcome our Floating Blimp Overlords (Score:3, Funny)
Now our plan for world domination shall be COMPLETE!
Muah-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
Floating Blimp Overlords... from Soviet Russia (Score:2)
Re:I, for one, Welcome our Floating Blimp Overlord (Score:2)
Here's their Small-Business Competition (Score:3, Informative)
I recently read in the LA Times about a small company that's competing with LM on the blimps.
Apparently, Worldwide Aeros, [aerosml.com] a smallish company founded by a Russian immigrant, was one of two U.S. companies that was awarded $3 million (USD) by the Pentagon to research the concept. (The other was LM.)
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian had been working on a project to develop mammoth airships to deliver supplies to Siberian oilfields.
You can find the article here [latimes.com]. -- Paul
Kirov Airships (Score:2, Funny)
Re:Kirov Airships (Score:2)
The trouble with unmanned vehicles... (Score:3, Interesting)
Re:The trouble with unmanned vehicles... (Score:2)
One step closer to the Terminator.. (Score:2, Interesting)
At this time technology isn't the problem. Question is, what will happen first?
- Errant political leaders misuse technology?
- Politically disgruntled scientist develops AI to run Terminators?
I'm Scared. (Score:2)
Ahhhh! (Score:2, Insightful)
Re:Ahhhh! (Score:2)
It's tough, isn't it? I'd suggest you find a different career path, to be honest; perhaps you might try steel driving [ibiblio.org]?
Pics (Score:2, Funny)
The best part is, when one is destroyed, it's consciousness is downloaded into another unit, saving on re-training time. Though it might get bitter about being destroyed over and over...
That Airship has Flown... (Score:3, Informative)
Aviation Week [aviationnow.com] has already covered the fact that the airship has already flown. It looks like Lockheed is in exploration mode for aircraft right now because the traditional market of milking the government teet for manned fighter and bomber contracts has a decidedly less than glorious future.
Signs you watch Chappelle's Show too much... (Score:5, Funny)
In a Slashdot discussion, you read the phrase
War without consequence - for us at least (Score:2)
Longer term though this is a worrying trend. If we build future armies on this technology while not retaining key skills a single EMP blast from an orbital bomb could cripple an entire army. I u
Re:War without consequence - for us at least (Score:2)
How would this system be worse? In an F-18, you've strapped a human being into a vunerable system, which could potentially be disabled and result in their death.
With a UAV, if the system is disabled, the UAV craters, and some guy in a bunker at Nellis AFB has to do a lot of paperwork.
I prefer the latter situation. Planes are not going to become less complex -- fly by wire is here to stay; UAVs just make the
Re:War without consequence - for us at least (Score:2, Informative)
All military hardware is at least partially EM shielded (or hardened)
Actual combat vehicles have greater protection and also alot of redundant systems.
The big deal with an EMP is that it creates a massive voltage surge in any conductive material. Voltage limiting gear can help greatly, as well as the ability to work around blown components with backup systems. Encasing the entire electrical system in a Faraday Cage also helps by setting up counter EM fields to reduce the
Re:War without consequence - for us at least (Score:2)
UAV before auto-drive cars (Score:3, Interesting)
One of the first UAV experiments was the Snark. So many crashed into the waters off the test facility that they were called Snark Infested Waters. We've come a long way since then.
Re:UAV before auto-drive cars (Score:2)
Yeah. This one's a Boojum.
Better weapons -- less death and destruction (Score:3, Insightful)
If they're admitting it exists now, it's old news (Score:2, Insightful)
That means whatever was revealed is ancient history and absolutely NOT the state of the art.
It may also be a pile of red herrings designed to delude competitors or enemies, such as a series of expensive dead-end projects they WANT the bad guys to worry about, while the real toys continue to remain hidden.
Have a crapload o
Re:If they're admitting it exists now, it's old ne (Score:2)
No they didn't. That's what the C-17 is for. The V-22 was intended to move troops short hops around the battlefield with the speed of an airplane, but the agility of a helicopter.
Our military would never settle for a slow blimp, unless it's got anti-grav or some exotic weapon.
The purpose of a military airship is for heavy lift long distance transport. Currently, if they want to move a large number of M-1A1 tanks, they roll them onto car
Hmmm (Score:2)
"you could literally pick a farmer's field"
I'm fairly sure that the farmer would have something to say about that and knowing farmers it is likely he would innitially try saying it by shooting their fancy pants balloon full of holes. Still it would be fun to watch million of pounds worth of balloon shrivel up because of some old farmer with a shot gun.
Re:Hmmm (Score:2)
There you go ruining a perfectly good piece of "stuff wot I just made up" with facts.
Skynet anyone? (Score:2)
All it'll take is a lightning strike and goodbye humanity. I mean, Stanford's little Touareg managed to navigate all by its little lonesome self. And we all now that technology shrinks in size within a very short time span.
I shudder to think about it this way, but it is where we're going.
Re:Skynet anyone? (Score:2)
Surely you're not serious. Do you really get your science education from bad movies? Lightning would do one of two things, even to a mythical sentient machine: A) nothing, or B) break it. Believing that lightning can turn an simple autonomous robot into some crazed, scheming killing machine is as asinine as believing you can repair an aneurysm with a sledgehammer.
Military automation (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:Military automation (Score:2, Insightful)
I do think kickstarting democracy in Iraq and hoping that Iraq's example is enough to put the Iranian political dissidents over the top and bring down their dictatorship, followed by the rest of the region, is our best ch
Blimp Requirements (Score:3, Informative)
Air weighs about 1 Kg per cubic yard (no whining about mixed units, please)
O2/N2/H20 21/78/1% mix works out to 12.29 atomic weight vs He weight of 2, so...
He weighs only about 20% of air, so it can lift 80% of the air it displaces.
Given the above:
An equipped company of 100 soldiers is about 100kg/220lbs each -- total: 10 tonnes
This would require a minimum of 125000 cubic yards of He to lift by itself, and much more for the vehicle empty weight, fuel, etc.
For comparison, an LTA 138S Airship [us-lta.com] is 160 feet/50 meters long, volume of 138,000 ft3 (3,908 m3) (5100 yd3), and lifts only 1.5 tonnes.
Scaling up from the LTA 138S, you'd need 25 times the volume - 3.5 million ft3 minimum. Not impossible, but consider the design for the CargoLifter [bbc.co.uk] which would be 850ft/260m long with payload of 160 tonnes for 17.6 million ft3/ 500,000 m3 of Helium.
What ever it would be, navigating a floating object the size of an WW II Jeep Carrier or Cruiser into and out of cornfields would not be simple in any sort of wind.
Re:Blimp Requirements (Score:2, Informative)
It gains approx 20% of its lift from its aerodynamic form, which obviously requires it to have forward velocity to "fly". This results in quite a large saving in volume of lifting gas.
The lifting gas issue is actually one of the biggest problems with theses airships as it is all fine when you have the load on, but what do you do when you have unloaded. You suddenly have an enormous mass requirem
That even a cent is spent (Score:2)
Ouh Ouh - I got the bigger club
Eheheheh - I get you anyway
Both loose!
Who is working on this shit anyway? Must be humans - right? Hmh...
Hand-launched drones? (Score:5, Funny)
My son and I were involved in the construction of some of those recently. They were manufactured from sheets of cellulose fiber, carefully bent into the best aerodynamic shapes and flown in our indoor testing ground.
We're still working on the surveillance part but the hand-launching went well. Many made it all the way across the house.
Parsing (Score:2, Funny)
Verb: Unmanned
Object: Aircraft
This is just a simple SVO sentence. So, which plans of Lockeed Martin unmanned which aircraft, and how? Inquiring minds want to know.
Re:Parsing (Score:2)
This must be some of that New English they them thar be teachin to muh mamma babies.
Re:Parsing (Score:3, Funny)
Re:Oh noes! (Score:5, Insightful)
The best pilot in the world still blacks out at about 9G. Even if the drone isn't as tactically capable as the human, it can survive far greater physical hardship. What use is your intelligence, your skill, your human flair for battle, against an adversary that can turn at speeds that would leave you a gooey mess in the cockpit?
A serious fighter drone would just slaughter human pilots, just on the superior performance of an aircraft that doesn't have to worry about keeping the pilot alive. It would be like Spitfires going up against a Harrier.
Re:Oh noes! (Score:2, Informative)
In which case humans are completely superfluous. The real fighting's already being done by a kamikaze robot pilot, aboard the missile. Why do we need to put a human in harm's way aboard the missile launch platform?
Re:Oh noes! (Score:3, Insightful)
A UAV operator is probably a lot cheaper to train, also probably has a much higher survival rate, probably needs much less education, and they could probably recruit droves of them at any Computer Gaming convention.
Furthermore... (Score:5, Insightful)
Even assuming that the AI pilots are markedly inferior to humans, there's still a great advantage to using them. They're cheap. Training a pilot is an expensive thing to do and it takes a lot of time. Losing a pilot is bad news. Losing significant numbers of pilots also has the effect of undermining political support at home - every letter sent to the mother of someone who isn't coming home chips away a little at the mindless jingoism that you need to have to conduct a war.
So, let's suppose that the AI drones are so crap that the kill ratio is ten to one - a human pilot will on average bring down ten AIs before being killed himself. This need not be a problem. A computer program costs nothing to copy, and the hardware's relatively cheap, and robots don't have families. Throw a hundred AIs into the air and let them all be slaughtered if necessary. Who cares? Make 'em kamikaze if you like. It still costs less than training humans to do it.
For a Western army, recruiting humans is expensive, because citizens of very rich countries expect to be paid well to risk their lives. Probably the economics work out differently for the likes of China, but for the USA... let's fill the sky with droids.
Re:Furthermore... (Score:3, Insightful)
Not losing men would be a good thing. However, losing 40 multi-million dollar aircraft would probably even more demoralizing than losing one or two planes, and one pilot.
Re:Dirigible Usage (Score:2)
It's ironic, but one of the statistics that shows how well a military is doing its job, is how high a percentage of casualties are actually the result of combat. If that number is high (and the overall number of casualties are low, obviously) than things are generally assumed to be working well, you hav
Death Stats - Iraq and Detroit (Score:2, Interesting)
A quick Google search -
Total Deaths Due to Unnatural Causes 2000 in Detroit (page 55)
955 - 719 Male, 236 Female (Black Non-Hispanic: 540 Male, 178 Female)
Iraq War - March 2003 - Feb. 6
2,452
Don't know if the Detroit numbers have gone up or down, but that was an average of about 80 people a month in Detroit and 70 a month in Iraq. Not making any judgement about anything - just giving numbers. I'm not planning on moving either place any time soon.
Refs:
Detroit Health Department [detroit.mi.us]
CNN Casualty Co [cnn.com]
Re:Dirigible Usage (Score:3, Insightful)
Right! Especially when most of the casualties, day-in and day-out, are the result of other medeival-minded religious zealots people from neighboring countries blowing up civilians with car bombs paid for by Syrians and Iranians. Maybe we'll finally get that imperialism right though. We keep letting whole countries like France, Japan, Germany, Kuwait and more slip through our clumsy imperialist
long-term occupation... (Score:5, Funny)
In Germany.
It's a quagmire, I tell you! I blame Churchill for not having an exit strategy.
Re:long-term occupation... (Score:5, Insightful)
Well then, Iraq is not a quagmire. Communications intercepted to/from Evil Clowns like Zarqawi indicate that the insurgency is actually pretty desperate about the lack of wider Islamic support for their car bombing campaign, and are having a harder time raising cash and willing suiciders. Many of their mid-level managers are getting wacked, too, which takes a lot of the fun out of it.
They're especially upset (the insurgents) because damn if, despite promises to behead anyone that votes, the Iraqi people just keep on going, in the many millions, to the polls and doing things like ratifying a constitution, naming their own parliment, and so on.
Re:Dirigible Usage (Score:5, Informative)
Well, that's true. At least, they wouldn't be running around in Iraq. They'd be running around in Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Gaza, the West Bank, Iran, etc. And of course Afghanistan, where they (the Taliban) had the whole country to themselves, and decided to let Al Queda use it for a playground. You remember the fine things they did there, like shooting women at lunchtime in the town square for offenses such as teaching their daughters to read. Sure, Saddam had no problem with daughters being taught to read, but he also had no problem gassing whole villages full of daughters, invading neighboring countries, lobbing missiles into Israel, starting a war that killed over a million people, regularly (and publicly) sending cash to friendly outfits such as Hamas and Hezbollah expressly in support of suicide bombers' families, and so on. Yes, that was just rosy, that picture. To say nothing of having his ground forces use anti-aircraft weapons against the aircraft enforcing the terms of his surrender when he was forced to give up his attempt to annex Kuwait. Secular? Who cares? A monomaniacal mass murdering aggressor that refuses to abide by his surrender terms and corruptly (well, with UN help, of course) corruptly skims billions of dollars of palace-building and weapons-buying cash off of the money intended to feed and care for his population is your idea of a just-fine situation?
Most Iraqis today -- even those here in N. America -- prefer Sadam over the US for running of the country.
Nice baseless, context-less, no-reference assertion, there! Who cares how many people do or don't want the US running Iraq? The US doesn't want the US running Iraq, either. That's the whole point of supporting the elections (in which a greater portion of the Iraqi population continually votes than even do in the US). That's the whole point of rapidly building up the Iraqi law enforcement and armed forces. Guess you're not paying attention to those areas where anti-insurgent patrols are now solely being conducted by Iraqi units? It's changing, whether it bothers your world view or not to know it. And of course, you might even check with what the people there, and in Afghanistan think. They are among the most optimistic people in the world [bbc.co.uk] about their economies and their futures.
Re:So sad.. (Score:2, Insightful)
I am primarily concerned with the "not getting my house blown up and my wife killed" implications, and from that angle, i want our armed forces blowing up someone else's backyard instead of waiting for someone else to blow up mine.
There is no morality, only law, and law is a malleable thing. The West has tried really hard at making sure that "morality" has become subjective to the point of irrelevance
Re:So sad.. (Score:5, Insightful)
If you feel strongly about war, create political pressure to stop it. Don't troll slashdot and whine about how some new technology can be misused.
Causes of war is not technology (Score:5, Insightful)
(1) People get edgy with all those hormones and fight for no reason at all.
(2) Someone is genuinely trying to hurt someone else or exert their will with physical force. The other party isn't going to take any more of it and decides to fight to protect themselves.
In international politics, (1) is only a problem if you have a single person or very small group of people that decides when to go to war. Democracies, by and large, don't have this kind of structure. Besides, it's always in everybodies' interests if the two people got along and got rich trading with one another.
(2) is far more common. This is the case when you have a corrupt government that seeks to either exploit its people or neighbors with physical force. War doesn't start when they decide to threaten force or use force to exert their will. War starts when somebody stands up to them.
It's often confusing to determine who "started" a war. Did Hitler start WWII, or did England when it decided to fight Germany's expansion policy?
It's nice to imagine some kind of conspiracy where the "military complex" determines when and how to go to war. I'll grant you one thing: Technology creates uncertainty, and uncertainty allows bad people to be more bold in their actions.
Here's a current modern day example. Iran has at its head a group of people whose purpose is to start a world war. They want a new piece of technology --- nuclear weapons --- because they think it will give them power enough to stand up to the US. It's really not certain if nuclear weapons are powerful enough to convince the American democracy to cower in fear. (They may well be!) So Iran is more bold in moving towards aggression and making threats.
When the US and its allies begin the invasion of Iran, likely, the blame for "starting" a war will go on the heads of President Bush and his friends. (Note: Already, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia have pledged to help with the invasion of Iran. There are several other smaller countries, including some Middle Eastern ones, who have pledged to help as well.) However, the true cause of this war should be Iran's aggression and threats to the annihilation of Israel and a nuclear attack on Europe and the US.
The Vietnam war, likewise, wasn't caused by a bunch of military industrialists. It was caused by communist aggression. They tried to turn a sovereign, democratic country into a wing of the Communist empire by force. The war really didn't start until the US decided to stop the aggression with force. Did the US start that war? No, but it was there to try and finish it.
Re:So sad.. (Score:2)