Old School Linux Remembered, Parts 0.02 & 0.03 163
eldavojohn writes "Following our last history lesson of Linux 0.01, the Kernel Trap is talking about the following announcements that would lead to one of the greatest operating systems today. A great Linus quote on release 0.02 (just 19 days after 0.01): 'I can (well, almost) hear you asking yourselves "why?". Hurd will be out in a year (or two, or next month, who knows), and I've already got minix. This is a program for hackers by a hacker. I've enjoyed [sic] doing it, and somebody might enjoy looking at it and even modifying it for their own needs. It is still small enough to understand, use and modify, and I'm looking forward to any comments you might have.'"
Never use a 1.0 Release (Score:5, Funny)
Never use a 0.01 Release, especially not in a production environment.
15 years later... (Score:5, Funny)
Re:15 years later... (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:15 years later... (Score:5, Funny)
I'm in the progress of releasing a nano-kernel, kernel 0.000001, which could make me the coolest geek alive on earth.
Excuse me while these two nice gentlemen tie me up on my bed with the nice long sleeves I wear.
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Fine, but will it run Linux?
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The Linux alternate history game... (Score:5, Informative)
There's a lot to be said for the microkernel architecture, and if Moore's Law ever does start to level off, then I think we're going to see a move away from monolithic designs for good. It's just not practical to keep stuffing more features into a monolithic kernel if you're not constantly getting more and more memory to run it on, and only a very small body of users can be expected to ever compile their own. (True, you can always recompile a specialized version of a monolithic kernel, ripping out all the stuff you don't need, but this is a PITA and it only becomes harder as the thing gets bigger.)
Along with probably most other Linux users, I've always wondered how things would be if Tanenbaum had released MINIX under a free license earlier in the game (Torvalds has said at several points that had MINIX been more free, he probably would have simply modified it, keeping its architecture, but since Tanenbaum had no interest in "turn[ing] MINIX in BSD UNIX" [1]...the rest, of course, is history.)
Or perhaps more interestingly, what would have happened if a free version of BSD had been produced for low-end hardware just a little earlier than it actually was. (In reality, 386BSD came out in a working form in July 1992 [so sayeth Wikipedia], nine months after the first Linux release, and 4.4BSDLite didn't come out until '94 [2].) It seems to me that had "real UNIX" been available for low-end systems in the early 90s, much of the impetus to create a from-scratch clone would have disappeared. (Although, maybe not; perhaps the philosophical differences that drive Linux and the BSDs in different directions would have eventually caused a from-scratch rewrite.)
Ultimately I don't think either alternative would really have brought us out at much of a different place than we are right now, at least from an end-user's perspective; the majority of users don't really care about kernels as such anyway. But it's always fun to play 'what-if,' as long as one keeps in mind that although it's easy to fixate on how things could be better, it could always be far, far worse.
[1] Great archive of Torvalds / Tanenbaum Usenet discussions here [fluidsignal.com]. There's so much ego going on there, from both sides, ASCII text can barely contain it...
[2] I'm partial to fellow Slashdotter connorbd's BSD History [geocities.com], which is a good primer.
Re:The Linux alternate history game... (Score:5, Interesting)
What'choo talking 'bout Willis? Over the past couple of years, Linux has been slowly evolving toward a hybrid kernel design. Between the common use of FUSE [sourceforge.net] for powerful new file systems and the recent merging of user space driver support [slashdot.org] into the kernel, Linux is showing more and more Microkernel attributes every day.
In a sense, Tanenbaum wasn't really wrong. It's just that like most researchers, he was ahead of his time. Facets of Microkernel technology have made their way into nearly every major operating system on the market today. From Windows to Mac OS X to Linux, hybrid kernel design is proving to be a valuable feature that every moden operating system should have.
When it comes down to it, microkernels just make sense. It's in many ways simpler to develop than a monolithic kernel, and provides an easy-to-implement yet powerful firewall between the computer's subsystems. The catch is that early reseach ran into performance problems inherent in task switching on every system call. Hybrid kernels attempt to minimize that by designing around the monolithic "kernel space" vs. "user space" division already present in most OSes. Because the division already exists, the performance hit can be quite minimal for certain forms of application. (I haven't kept track to know if such performance has actually been achieved in any Linux hybrid code, so take a grain of salt with this.) Pure device drivers would still have performance problems due to the data bubbling up from the kernel rather than executing entirely in kernel space. Thus hybrid features are more useful for subsystems that already interact with userspace. (e.g. A new filesystem.)
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Stability and security are the big wins. With the Linux kernel both these things are less of a problem than with other systems because it is expected that everything you run is open for inspection and improvement (and if you run stuff that isn't, well, you're on your own). But now we have this other option. If you don't trust a driver, you should be able to run it in user space. If it crashes, well, restart it, no harm done (hopefully).. and you don't ha
Re:The Linux alternate history game... (Score:5, Informative)
It's important in that performance was what killed the Microkernel. After Mach came up with such pitiful performance numbers, all the OS developers* who had been looking to embrace microkernel architecture ran the other way. At the time, the performance vs. security/stablity tradeoffs weren't worth it. Now with ultra-modern machines running on an insecure internet, things are *starting* to turn around.
* There were a few exceptions, of course. NeXT adopted Mach regardless of the performance issues. They spent a lot of time upgrading it into the hybrid XNU kernal. QNX was a microkernel because the guys who wrote it were very clever and didn't know any better. NT shows the basic design concepts behind a microkernel, but all the servers ended up getting shoved into kernel space for performance. So NT just barely scrapes by as a hybrid.
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In the case of the Linux kernel, what I said is what it is good for.
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The actual problem was the concept of the microkernel itself. When you protect servers from each other you add another layer of complexity to the interaction, and this is good in theory but in practice it gets in the kernel hack
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From the ACM paper, The performance of -kernel-based systems [acm.org]:
[9] ftp://ftp.cs.cmu.edu/project/mach/doc/published/os -memorysys.ps [cmu.edu]
L4 [wikipedia.org] tr
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2. His attempt to say that Java is a 20 fold hit in performance is an outright untruth. Java JIT benchmarks have met or exceeded C/C++ benchmarks on several occasions.
3. One of Java's original failings prior to the Hotspot VM was that it was considered "slow". Java did not get a free ride in that respect. The Java community is still fighting to have the performance of the platform recognized some 10 years after it was resolved.
4. Inter
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JIT == Just In Time Compiler. Being able to compile Java down to native code at runtime allows the JVM to produce code that is optimized for the local system. The performance gains from this help make up for losses incurred by doing runtime compilation.
As much as I hate to hurt your feelings, Mr. AC:
http://www.idiom.com/~zilla/Computer/javaCbenchmar k.html [idiom.com]
Abstract: "This article surveys a number of benchmarks and finds tha
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The difference is, by 2002, if you purchased a decent computer you could play back full motion video.
Why would most people need a faster computer? They don't edit video, compile software, render cad drawings, etc.
By 2002, a computer with 512mb of RAM runni
Re:The Linux alternate history game... (Score:4, Interesting)
Amiga Unix was available in 1990, a time when Amigas were still selling well. Despite being one of the better Unixes of the time, it didn't set the marketplace alight.
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Then please explain Windows 3.0.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_(operating_s ystem) [wikipedia.org]
Commodore was working on a business system that used the Zilog 8000 running Coherent but dropped it to work on the Amiga.
I always wondered how the Amiga would have done with Coherent instead of AmigaDos.
They could have still used Intuition and Workspace as the graphics system and GUI but would have had a real Unix like OS as the foundation.
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If not, it sounds like a square peg in a round hole type situation, as the Amiga's real niche was in multimedia.
Jon Acheson
Linux in the early 90's (Score:3, Interesting)
The idea that the 9 months made the difference is simple BS. Much as the Fre
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You don't need to recompile anything to use a monolitic kernel. Also, a microkernel is not neccesarily able to add features without recompiling.
When are microkernel zealots going to get that modularity is NOT EXCLUSIVE TO MICROKERNELS? Sight....modularity is a property of software, be i
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be carefull with your definition of monolithic.
linux is monolithic in the sense that everything that is part of the kernel runs in the same address space and has access to everything else in the kernel. However it has a module system allowing kernel code to be loaded and unloaded (though unloading is unusual) at the request of users, applications or hardware detec
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if Moore's Law ever does start to level off, then I think we're going to see a move away from monolithic designs for good. It's just not practical to keep stuffing more features into a monolithic kernel if you're not constantly getting more and more memory to run it on
What?
Are you aware that you're not making any sense at all? You throw around a bunch of terms which may seem to you to form a logical chain of thought but they really do not. The underlying assumptions that more features in the kernel somehow bloat it significantly, that Moore's law has anything to do with memory, that the kernel is monolithic in any way that is relevant to what you're saying, etc. are blatantly wrong.
Can you clarify what you're saying?
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Reminads me a lot of the CISC/RISC war... CISC won ny adopting the good parts from RISC. Linux has userspace parts where it's useful, kernel parts where it's necessary. It's not simple, not elegant, not ideologically "correct". It's ugly and it works, just like most other real software.
Still in development (Score:5, Interesting)
At least, it looks as if the Change Log [gnu.org] is still being updated. (Click the link titled "ChangeLog in the main directory".)
Debian (Score:3, Informative)
Re:15 years later... (Score:5, Funny)
Yes, but will they port Duke Nukem' Forever to it?
Re:15 years later... (Score:4, Informative)
Great comment. Yeah, the Hurd and DNF basically had the same problem: they were great big-picture ideas, but actually implementing them turned into giant software development nightmares. In the Hurd's case, the main problem was that the GNU folks decided to base it on Mach. Then when Mach turned out to have major architectural problems, they moved on to L4. Progress on porting to L4 went slowly. But then, even that tack fell through as well, and so they became basically stuck as they are now. They're looking into several different microkernel bases - I think the one they're looking at now is called ?Coyote? Anyway, both DNF and the Hurd are sad tales of where concept doth not meet reality, and never the twain shall meet.
We're drifting _way_ off-topic. Let's remember Linux now, the major kernel that started out as a hack. It still is, somewhat, (in terms of the way it's sort of in between Windows and the concept of the Hurd) but it's now one of the biggest server OSes on the planet.
I shut up now.
Re:15 years later... (Score:5, Funny)
Yes, but will they port Duke Nukem' Forever to it?
*Ducks*
Re:15 years later... (Score:5, Funny)
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(I know, I know, slashcode is broken)
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(No really, it is. Just like hard drive fragmentation was originally a feature. Funny how such features have ways of biting us in the posterior, eh?)
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The one thing I can't help but notice is how primitive some of the CGI is. Granted, they went with prosthetics for all but the most extreme things, which certainly helped, and th
can someone comment on hurd development? (Score:2)
More importantly, is there still a point to its development? I'm no kernel hacker, but I'm sure there are things that the current kernel can't do well.
Thanks.
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But if you have qemu, you can certainly get it up and running from the K14 CD ISOs from Debian very quickly.
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Didn't you hear? They are timing the release of the Hurd to coincide with that of Duke Nukem Forever. They'll both be 'ready' sometime in early 2024.
Re:15 years later... (Score:4, Insightful)
What more do you need?
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GNU/Linux being GNU with a different kernel. GNU is GNU with the GNU kernel, Hurd.
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Great name (Score:4, Funny)
Too bad his middle name isn't Connie.
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Preservation (Score:5, Interesting)
Linux today is a child of countless contributers, but it is still tied in name and perception very much to one man. I wonder if people think this is a good thing. I've often maintained that Linus is terse, but I've enjoyed that about him. If he rips into someone, I chuckle. But after this latest fiasco with Con and the schedulers, I'm wondering if this is a bad thing.
terse? (Score:5, Interesting)
than other times. And dammit, when I say "files don't matter", I'm really
really Right(tm).
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You trolling little jerk! Get it right. (Score:2)
...walking around the office distracting anyone who will listen with war stories of how they once installed Linux on a damned flashlight.
Get the story right! It wasn't just a flashlight, it was a flippin' Mag Light! The 4 'D' battery kind! The kind that doubles as a blackjack if you're stuck in the city after dark. And I'd like to see you install Linux on a Mag Light while the server room was being flooded by battery acid... Well, not flooded - but the floor was quite sticky with it. And I didn't just have to install Linux on that Mag Light; I had to compile it from punch cards, in the dark, while up to my knees in battery acid. And
See? A community is built on civility (Score:2)
Streak of natural leadership, much? Sure beats ducking flying chairs.
Thankyou Linus!
Point update? (Score:3, Funny)
Great quote by Linus (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:Great quote by Linus (Score:4, Insightful)
I think of the great advantages the OSS model has over closed source is that when these branches die out their work and whatever grain of usefulness/truth don't die with them. It's precisely the ability to fork and create another branch that allows OSS to really evolve and try out all the million possibilities. With closed source and an overly strict copyright scheme the overhead of trying those possibilities are too expensive. (regurgitating Yochai Benkler's "Wealth of the Network" here)
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There are 150,000 projects on sourceforge. How many really made it big? 100? 0.0006% to make it doesn't sound too encouraging...
If you're doing it to 'make it big', you're doing it for the wrong reason.
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if putting the program and source out there helps even one person, i would consider it to be a success.
Source... (Score:3, Funny)
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Its a shame, but at the time this was "little hack" project for him so full version control would have been overkill.
A post by Bill Gates (Score:5, Funny)
Class :-) (Score:2)
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Very well done, but you're missing just one thing: In 1981 the comp.* hierarchy didn't exist on Usenet. For your amusement: The Great Renaming [wikipedia.org], which didn't occur until 1987.
Wow, it just hit me that was 20 years ago. I suddenly feel very old.
OK, be honest... how many of you tried it? (Score:5, Funny)
might tell you something too. All it tells me is that he hasn't checked his email in 4 and a half years
Such things are valuable to a programmer (Score:2)
The reason for this is that when a few megabytes of code hit you without warning or roadmap, most people have no chance to see the
Gets me thiking about the media (Score:2, Insightful)
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I'll bite.
It's all how you look at it. Linus began the kernel for the purpose of creating a free unix-like operating system for the 386. In other words he wanted "unix for his desktop". Of course it started out as a hacker project, but what open source software doesn't ?
Linus also said in recent days (when responding to Con's claims that big money was coming in to push server development and thus taking away focus from Linux on the desktop) something along the lines of [paraphrased]: "The idea t
is it just me (Score:2)
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'course, this is also why a
Coherent (Score:2)
Will that increase my geek cred?
Perhaps the dumbest question I've asked here... (Score:2, Insightful)
Can anyone tell me why there is a "[sic]" in that above quote? There don't seem to be any spelling/grammatical mistakes in the sentence.
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Can anyone tell me why there is a "[sic]" in that above quote? There don't seem to be any spelling/grammatical mistakes in the sentence.
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Given all the it's/its errors in Slashdot, this i
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Damned 'freeAX' (Score:2)
But noooo. because of him i jumped ship to the i386 and lost interest in the 68xxxx.
Could have been MY name up in lights.. thanks a bunch!
"...enjoyed [sic]" (Score:2)
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Looking at the box.... (Score:2)
(disclaimer: purchased at flea market in 1996 for $0.50 USD...installed on several 386 and 486 pc's just because...)
Why, oh why, did I go to XP?
Happy to be on Kubuntu for the past year-year and a half??!!?
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I remember when Caldera released the very first graphical installer. It had a little tetris game you could play while it copied the files. It felt like such a huge push forward for Linux on the desktop at the time.
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I remember playing the same game when I was installing. I seem to remember the installer really playing up the whole *do something else while this installs* meme...Great stuff!
Also agree with you on the whole SCO deal...I can't help but to mentally translate SCO into scummy for some reason though...just me perhaps, oh well.
I have to say that Ive taken a perverse delight in the truly professional reaming IBM's Nazgul have given ole Daryl and friends at Scummy- err, I mean SCO, though. I guess I'm ju
Wrong Logo (Score:5, Funny)
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As for Linux being unstable...dude, have you ever even seriously used Linux? Hell, if you don't fuck with it, it'll run for YEARS. Funny story - Freenet, with default configuration, crashes Windows XP on my computer in under half an hour. Not even kidding. Just murders the bitch. Now take the exact same program (It's Java), put i
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Likewise, I wouldn't use Java performance as a good indicator of anything, because I mean.... let's be honest here... it's java. There are one or two good java applications out there, but for the most part, it just plain sucks.
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Oh yea. 1.0, 3.1, 95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, Vista...real coherent scheme there. Goes from small decimal numbers to large two digit numbers to four digit numbers to two letters to words.
Actually there were versions between 1.0 and 3.1, and it diverged at 3.1 into 2 lines. One which was the 9x series (now discontinued, thankfully), and one which kept the decimal numbering up right up to 7.0 (so far), though presenting a friendly name for home buyers: .0 (Vista), NT 6.1 (Server 2008), NT 7.0 (Vista 2?)
1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 95 (9x.1), 98 (9x.2), ME (9x.3), discontinued
1.0, 2.0, 3.0, NT 3.1, NT 3.5, NT 4.0, NT 5.0 (2000), NT 5.1 (XP), NT 5.2 (Server 2003/XP x64), NT 6
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but the real version numbers are not exposed much to users, the only thing that is in any obvious place with modern windows versions is the year or name (and worse ms uses names for thier desktop editions and years for thier server versions)
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A friend of mine said we should do a demo to the SunOS guys - and we did, I think by the time we did it we were up to 0.14 (and we had compiled a few real applications and installed it on the hard disk of a couple of the 386sx-16 PCs at university), and invited the BOFH and all his minions down to see what we were doing.
Not long after, both myself and my friend had been kicked off the university network - m
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