The AI Boss That Deploys Hong Kong's Subway Engineers 162
Taco Cowboy writes The subway system in Hong Kong has one of the best uptimes: 99.9%, which beats London's tube or NYC's sub hands down. In an average week as many as 10,000 people would be carrying out 2,600 engineering works across the system — from grinding down rough rails to replacing tracks to checking for damages. While human workers might be the ones carrying out the work, the one deciding which task is to be worked on, however, isn't a human being at all. Each and every engineering task to be worked on and the scheduling of all those tasks is being handled by an algorithm. Andy Chun of Hong Kong's City University, who designed the AI system, says, "Before AI, they would have a planning session with experts from five or six different areas. It was pretty chaotic. Now they just reveal the plan on a huge screen." Chun's AI program works with a simulated model of the entire system to find the best schedule for necessary engineering works. From its omniscient view it can see chances to combine work and share resources that no human could. However, in order to provide an added layer of security, the schedule generated by the AI is still subject to human approval — Urgent, unexpected repairs can be added manually, and the system would reschedule less important tasks. It also checks the maintenance it plans for compliance with local regulations. Chun's team encoded into machine readable language 200 rules that the engineers must follow when working at night, such as keeping noise below a certain level in residential areas. The main difference between normal software and Hong Kong's AI is that it contains human knowledge that takes years to acquire through experience, says Chun. "We asked the experts what they consider when making a decision, then formulated that into rules – we basically extracted expertise from different areas about engineering works," he says.
Comment removed (Score:4, Insightful)
Re: (Score:3)
Even better. We are starting to replace PHB's who know next to nothing bit are still in charge.
I can't wait until we can replace lawyers with an abacus and a cukoo-clock.
Re:So... (Score:5, Insightful)
In other words, this is basically Drools, plus a ton of billable consulting hours?
Actually, it's probably something more like TIBCO BusinessEvents with an orchestration engine added. But what's really cool is that they did the hard part: codifying the actual rules under which the overall system operates. That's where these kinds of systems either fly or fall. There are tons of rules that organizations use to make decisions, but a lot of those rules are quite informal and don't operate at a central point of authority. It takes a lot of digging to find them all, so that the undocumented process (for example) used by the foreman of the team that does rail maintenance to manage overtime among his crew gets incorporated into the overall chaining logic. Otherwise, the new system will either fail to reflect reality as teams rearrange their own schedules out of sync with their directives, or will wreak havoc among the employees.
Re:So... (Score:5, Insightful)
Actually, it's probably something more like TIBCO BusinessEvents with an orchestration engine added
Back in my time, we called what they have done now "an expert system". I fail to see why that designation should be suddenly inadequate.
Re: (Score:3)
Actually, it's probably something more like TIBCO BusinessEvents with an orchestration engine added
Back in my time, we called what they have done now "an expert system". I fail to see why that designation should be suddenly inadequate.
Because back then, that was a conceptual description that (if it became real) described an entirely custom system that was built from the ground up. These days, there are multiple types of such systems, most of which are built along specific architectural lines using COTS. Just like once upon a time, "car" was a pretty good descriptor because the next level of detail went WAY into the weeds. Now, there are sports cars, SUVs, minivans, coupes, etc.
Re: (Score:2)
Back in my time, we called what they have done now "an expert system". I fail to see why that designation should be suddenly inadequate.
Part of building an expert system is getting expert input, but that doesn't mean that everything with expert input is "an expert system." Hopefully everything you build gets input from experts (that is, from the ones who know what the system should do; that could be you or the users).
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
I'm betting that in this case "expert system" has become an abused term that the marketing guys of the software developer want to strongly avoid due to bad experiences (like the Denver Airport) over the years. Either that or because the people involved were originally from China, the translation of the term got mangled going from English to Chinese and back to English again. I am strongly suspecting more of the latter though.
You are correct, this simply is an expert system applied to a large practical app
Re: (Score:2)
Back in my time, we called what they have done now "an expert system". I fail to see why that designation should be suddenly inadequate.
"Artificial Intelligence" predates "expert system", there was never a good reason to use a different term. Plus there was so much unfulfilled hype about Expert Systems and Knowledge Engineering back in their heyday that the terms have a negative connotation to many people.
Re: (Score:2)
Because it's using its rules to make decisions that humans wouldn't have thought of.
Where is an expert system is just the same things humans would have done, just automated and faster.
Re: (Score:2)
Because it's using its rules to make decisions that humans wouldn't have thought of.
But that's exactly what inference engines are for.
Expert System (Score:2)
Makes me recall the project I did for AI class back in university. Built an Expert System using VB (v6 probably) and Access (ya ya I know), where I took a pub that was a favorite in the City, that had 30+ different beers on tap. I then classified each beer by a number of different metrics (dark, light, ale, etc...). The user would then answer a number of questions about what their drink preferences were, and at the end, the system would spit out beer recommendations.
Was a pretty small easy fun system to bui
Re: (Score:2)
There was another variation where you could give the expert system a list of ingredients that you had available, and the system would tell you which drinks you could make and optionally how many.
Back in the 1990's, having a expert system that could generate the course timetables for the whole university was a holy grail of all AI departments. Most of the time it worked but every now and again it would generate courses that clashed, requiring some extra modification. Never knew whether they got it finally wo
Re: (Score:2)
Right, we use similar software to dispatch field techs. Techs all have company smartphones now, they dont even come into work unless they need supplies. We wrote an app that figures out where they are and where the closest job is to them. They head over there, do their work, update the ticket with any changes they made so records can be updated and it then gives them the next closest. The productivity increases were staggering and there were even other benefits like decrease vehicle wear and such, but calli
Re: (Score:2)
Does that look at traffic as well?
Some times it can be better to let the tech see the full job list and plan there own day based on local info.
Re: (Score:3)
Does that look at traffic as well?
Some times it can be better to let the tech see the full job list and plan there own day based on local info.
It still needs to get fixed either way, but yes the tech can skip a job. There are stats involved so if you skip lots of them you're going to have to explain why. The rulesets are somewhat complicated, it doesn't just pick the closest one... How old is the ticket? Is it a major piece of equipment? Etc... They can even merge the tickets on the fly... are these 10 sites out of service because of that other ticket down the line? etc...
This isn't a small system. It manages hundreds of techs all over the countr
Re: (Score:2)
But still you can have 2 tickets and due to traffic you can get to one site right away and the other will take 1 hour to get to but after going to one site traffic frees up and you can get to that 1 hour site in to 10-20 min.
Re:So... (Score:4, Interesting)
But still you can have 2 tickets and due to traffic you can get to one site right away and the other will take 1 hour to get to but after going to one site traffic frees up and you can get to that 1 hour site in to 10-20 min.
that's of minor concern. You need to understand how this stuff was done prior to these systems.
15yrs ago, the tech would drive into work, pick up a stack of work orders off a printer, get in his van and head out in whichever route he thought best. You'd not see the guy for 4hrs, then he'd head back in, grab another stack and so on.
Now he doesn't even come in. He just looks at his phone and heads to the specified location. The phone even links the location to google maps. Now he can't get lost. The app tells the office where he's at, not that they care... but if he's been on the same ticket for 6hrs they can see he's at the house or if he stopped by a local lake to do some fishing which is something that actually happened quite frequently prior to dispatching software. I used to have to schedule dispatches with other companies we did buisness with and it was common back in the 90s for the tech not to show up on time so, if they were on main street or near the center of town, I'd have the customer stick their head out the front door and look for the techs van. They'd often be at a local don-nut shop or bar waiting for the appointment and get too busy chatting. The customer would have to run down and get them. It was insanely frustrating. Now the dispatcher can update the ticket and make the techs phone chirp.
Traffic delays aren't that big of a deal in comparison.
Re: (Score:2)
SO your system will dispatch people in a way no human would of thought of?
Sending out nearby jobs is a lot different then taking every rule into account and letting the system dictate which jobs to do in what order even if on initially glance it doesn't seem to make sense.
I've seen some of these system, and the word that often comes tom mind when trying to pick apart why it makes certian decsions is 'creepy'
Simple example.
Why did it move a crew across town instead of doing a nearby jobs. seems broken, crew
Re: (Score:2)
It still is AI, or at least as much as "AI" becomes in video games. IMHO about on the same level too.
Good (Score:5, Insightful)
Everything currently run by committee should ideally be run by an AI with limited human oversight in the future. Groups of humans suck at the two things AIs are great at: remembering things and making decisions.
Re: (Score:2)
The AI usually takes over. For our own good, of course, in the most loving and paternal way.
Re: (Score:2)
... in science fiction. I hope you are aware of what "fiction" means, otherwise I fear there are greater threats on your horizon than evil AIs.
Re: (Score:2)
It would be impressive if legal code could somehow be "compiled" for syntax checks as well as encoded in such a way that it becomes expert system rules. That way, asking if a particular action was legal simply would be running it through the "AI" to find out.
That would sort of make some of the stuff that judges do to become obsolete, but is that a bad thing too?
Re: Good (Score:5, Funny)
That sounds suspiciously like a decision to me, comrade. Do you have documentation signifying that you are 100% pure AI?
Re: (Score:2)
All decision makers should be replaced with AI!
You're making a very important decision here. Have you consulted it with your AI?
I can't imagine something like that in the U.S.A. (Score:4, Insightful)
Laws, paperwork, unions, paperwork, regulations and paperwork wouldn't allow this to happen.
Re:I can't imagine something like that in the U.S. (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:I can't imagine something like that in the U.S. (Score:5, Insightful)
Riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiight. It's those unions. Those ones whose membership has been steadily and measurably been decreasing for 30 years(almost exactly at the same rate as wage stagnation occurs, as a complete coincidence).
How small does Snowball's organization have to get before you stop believing he's behind everything?
Re: (Score:2)
Public service unions are the major exception; the general decline is irrelevant when US mass transit is still almost completely union.
Re: (Score:2)
the general decline is irrelevant when US mass transit is still almost completely union.
Except for the decline in mass transit itself. It starts by eliminating Sunday service, then nights, then Saturday evenings, then Saturday service at all in the outskirts, and you end up getting one bus an hour if you're lucky.
Im a union rep (Score:2)
If they started replacing management with expert systems that gave us
a) Increased autonomy
b) more pay (fewer managers and less dead weight at the top has to mean a few more dollars available for the rest of us)
c) Fewer stupid irrational decisions made for political reasons
Not only would you not hear a peep.
The computer would probably get presents on boss'es day.
Re: (Score:3)
Re: (Score:2)
The guy obviously has no clue. Look at ANY large IT project in the US.
1) Unions not involved. It is all outsourced to consultants.
2) Consultants hire overseas employees, and overcharge services
3) Blame government, make off like bandits with all the loot.
My favorite recent example was the 600 Million wasted by NY city trying to automate payroll called CityTime.
Please tell me how "Laws, paperwork, unions, paperwork, regulations and paperwork" caused that?
The same "Laws" that sentenced three of the contractors
Re: (Score:2)
Privatization is a mistake. It's just a way of incorporating someone's (sometimes obscenely disproportionate) profit into the cost of getting things done.
Re: I can't imagine something like that in the U.S (Score:2)
And nimbys
Anytime the NYC subway wants to shut down part of the system for maintenance, everyone complains and runs to their local political boss
Same in Long Island for the lirr. They are building a second track in a large part of the system and people who drive don't want the extra trains because it will make them wait longer at crossings
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:3)
Of course not for somthing as critical as maintenance planning and scheduling. But its OK for air traffic control [wikipedia.org] functions. Where the consequences [dailymail.co.uk] of a bad rule set are not nearly as serious.
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
I'm in a union, and we do this. So you are wrong.
Re: (Score:2)
The reason you're not seeing this in America is the top 1% won't pay the taxes for the infrastructure development, and they've got all the money. 1%ers don't use the subway...
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
We already have it. Let's not allow facts and logic to actually change your narrative, you just go on being stupid.
Expert System (Score:5, Insightful)
Expert Systems have been one of the most successful and longest used AI models in industry. FPGA routing and layout programs have relied on this form of AI since the early/mid 90's.
Re: (Score:2)
Maybe a little paranoia once in awhile isn't such a bad thing.
Re: (Score:2)
Don't worry, you can trust the computer.
Re: (Score:2)
To much Science Fiction and not enough Science Fact.
A common theme in Science Fiction is the idea that technology will replace humans, which is often true. However most SciFi usually takes this idea and follows the slippery slop to a far more interesting to read, but most likely not possible worst case situation.
SciFi books about say a middle grade analyst having to change careers in his mid 40's because technology had made his current job obsolete. Is rather dull. But if that system some how became the al
Re: (Score:2)
(Disclaimer: I am not a fiction writer)
I could totally see an interesting book about a middle-grade analyst having to change careers because his job gets taken over by a computer. It would start with the analyst, who is pretty much coasting through his career trying to hit retirement, the work so routine that he can do it in his sleep, going into the office one day and seeing a bunch of his friends, people he entered the workforce with, leaving with their personal effects in boxes, their jobs having been ta
Re:Expert System (Score:4, Insightful)
Re:Expert System (Score:4, Interesting)
I don't even know if I'd classify something like this as "AI". It's just running an algorithm using lots of information and doing complex calculations. Way more complex than any person could do, but they are not the kind of actions I would generally consider "intelligent".
It is a curse for the field of AI that it's generally defined quite vaguely as "trying to do things in computers that humans do better than computers". Why, so many things people consider "not AI" today are commonplace precisely because AI researchers dedicated a lot of their time to solving them! Once you solve an AI problem, in minds of many people, it ceases to be not only a problem, but also a matter for AI. The area in question is known as "automated planning and scheduling", and the reason why you don't think it should be classified as AI is to a large extent because it was the AI researchers who largely solved it back in the 1970s or so.
Re:Expert System (Score:4, Insightful)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
That's backwards. Philosophy only solves its nagging questions by *resorting* to math or logic or science.
Re: (Score:2)
The trend suggests that in the limiting case, humans are not intelligent.
Re: (Score:2)
You don't consider it intelligent becasue you have tricked yourself into thinking you understand it.
Re: (Score:2)
Maybe not a conventional expert system? (Score:3)
The article says that they're using a genetic algorithm. I'm no expert at AI, but my understanding is that an ordinary expert system doesn't use a genetic algorithm; an expert system just involves percolating propositions through a bunch of human-specified if/then statements.
I'd hazard a guess that the system described here is using the human-specified rules as part of the fitness function for the genetic algorithm. That's one way a system could use human-specified rules, but I think it's different from h
Re: (Score:2)
I hadn't caught that, thanks. This makes the system a lot more interesting.
Re: (Score:2)
Management is becoming obsolete (Score:4, Interesting)
What we see now are the first steps towards making a big chunk of management obsolete. Expert systems are well on their way to out-compete managers who in many situations cannot make decisions of the same quality as an AI. Or to put it differently: An AI can make better decisions than a human in many areas. And in these areas humans (managers) will not be able to compete.
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
"but they can't determine that Billy Bob had a rough 4th of July weekend, and it would be best to have him do his paperwork today instead of working on the electrical junction box that has water damage."
Says who?
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
Grandparent post still stands. These reviewers will gradually be replaced by others who never had any experience scheduling the work.
The Computer is Your Friend (Score:3)
"People get scared when you talk to them about AI,"
Team Leader, please report to the debriefing room ASAP.
So they built an expert system. (Score:2)
Re: (Score:2)
"This is far more common then you would imagine... The fact it's being applied to a subway system in this manner is pretty novel."
Every railway that deserves its name uses something like that.
Even if their 'underground' lines are shorter than a subway, which is the only distinction I can see.
Also usually when you make 'noise' at night, above-ground is usually more problematic than 20 feet below the street level in a tunnel.
It's here already? (Score:4, Insightful)
Is it called Manna? [marshallbrain.com]
Re: (Score:2)
Its kind of hard to take seriously a story that basically talks about how communism will fix everything. We tried it; before it was called "the Australia Project", it went by "the China project" and "the Soviet project".
I wont spoil the endings; you can read about it on wikipedia [wikipedia.org].
Re: (Score:2)
Please provide some more details about "The Australia Project", which I guess was Australia's famous experiment with communism that somehow no one has ever heard of?
Re: (Score:3)
Its from the story he linked. It posits a future where AI runs the American economy, leading to decidedly mediocre standards for everyone. The alternative posited is "the Australia project' which is basically continent-wide communism due to robot labor, renewable energy, and no pollution.
Its all great sounding stuff, but its also complete nonsense.
Re: (Score:2)
That's not quite how I remember Manna.
The reason the American economy is trashed in the world Manna envisions is not because it's run by an AI but because America failed to adjust to a post-work society. Everyone is on social security/benefits, because hardly anyone has a job as it was all automated away or pirated. So people have a kind of futuristic subsistence lifestyle in which robots attend to their basic needs but they can never get anything more.
The Australia project, on the other hand, is not meant
Re: (Score:2)
The Australia project, on the other hand, is not meant to be communist
Lets see...
* Everyone gets an equal share. The only semblence of an economy is the fact that everyone gets 1000 credits.
* Everyone controls the means of production
* No one is required to do a specific amount of work: its all "whatever you can chip in"
That sounds a lot like communism to me.
Saying "dont call it communism, cause that conjures up all the horrific attempts at it in the real world" is a bit too idealistic for me. Looking at the track record for an idea and its implement
Re: (Score:2)
There were lots of benefits to the plug-in setup. The primary social justification for the setup was to prevent bad behavior/crime.
Having an perfect AI referee watching everyone through their own senses is far-fetched, but I took it to be more of a thought experiment than some attempt at non-fiction.
Re: (Score:2)
There were lots of benefits to the plug-in setup. The primary social justification for the setup was to prevent bad behavior/crime.
That anyone can hear / say something like that without shudders running up their spine is amazing to me. I would be doubly dumbfounded if you told me you had read 1984.
Reeducation is one of those things that sounds great in theory, until you get down to what it would actually entail.
Re: (Score:2)
Realistically you are already subject to an endless litany of laws as a citizen of the United States circa 2014. So many rules, in fact, that you don't even know what most of them are. Society is necessarily built on "re-education" from our theoretical natural state, because these rules are not all inherent to our behavior.
The idea in the story was that an efficient enforcement mechanism can minimize the number of necessary rules and maximize their fairness. While you may prefer our current system to the
Re: (Score:2)
Next time maybe we can try something that involves actual communism rather than just a communist banner carried by authoritarian thugs. Hint: if members of the government are living substantially better than the poorest members of society, it's not actually communism.
Re: (Score:2)
Its a strange thing that Communism tends to be espoused by folks who seem to be well informed and intelligent, but who invariably miss the fact that it attracts the sort of people who make it not work (authoritarians).
Also, Communist China came close. It failed for MANY reasons, and authoritarianism wasnt it. Farmland was redistributed so that farmers could do their farming for all, but farmers tended to sell the farmland for a quick payout. Communal kitchens were set up, but they tended to lower the qua
Re: (Score:2)
That's a nice 6th grade interpretation of communism, well done.
I can point to mane of those exact same flaws with democracies.
Of course, if robots do the work, then why doesn't it work?
The funny thing is how most people posting are confusing Communism, Marxism, Leninism and Socialism.
The problems you state come from Leninism, not Communism itself. Leninism is what created the central market, and state control by a vanguard party, as opposed to a common rule of law.
Leninism is what causes the USSR to fail. T
Re: (Score:2)
You know, in a imaginary future where machines outcompete humans in every task, and no job is available for more humans to perform anymore, all those problems you cited just go away.
Re: (Score:2)
If you're using the word "good" (in the moral sense) to mean "things that benefit me", you have made it meaningless. People talk of the holocaust being "bad", even if it did not personally affect them; but by your meaning you simply wouldnt attach any moral judgement to it unless you happened to be a Jew or Romani.
Re: (Score:2)
I don't think that makes it meaningless, but you have to be careful in applying it to yourself versus judging others. If "me" is relative then it allows you to apply the standard to others and say whether they are a good person even if they don't benefit (or harm) you. You can say the people behind the holocaust were bad, because they did not care about their close neighbors, friends, relatives, etc.
While I agree with GP on that respect, I disagree that large societies are evidence that people are good. Eve
Re: (Score:2)
But now we have robots! Surely the problem with previous attempts was simply a lack of technology and resources which we have now solved.
Re: (Score:2)
How about you look at China, where they seem to have a very big economy.
Anyways, robotic system will remove the reason communism failed.
So if I have robotic workers, why would people need to work?
Re: (Score:2)
That story bugs me, not the technology or anything. Just the fact that he spends the first 40% of it lamenting how bad things are and how the wealthy just want to live their life of leisure and leave everyone else to rot in the slums. Then the main character suddenly becomes fabulously wealthy and... leaves everyone else to rot in the slums while he farms... I guess... No one, not even the "good guys" with essentially limitless resources actually tries to change the system that is leaving 99% of humanity
Interesting...but not 'new' (Score:4, Informative)
Re: (Score:2)
The maintenance activities for the London tube or the NYC subway are likely also being planned and scheduled using some sort of similar system
I can't speak for London, but you'd be surprised about how backwaters the U.S. can be, especially in government organizations. When contracts are dragged out far beyond the initial bid (or even estimate, in a no-bid situation), it's more cost effective to do nothing and stick with paper and pencil. Check out the CityTime project if you want to see what happens to government contracts. It's an extreme case, certainly, but similar things happen on all scales, from the union workers to the contractor all the w
Manna (Score:2, Insightful)
Relevant. Must-read short story if you haven't.
http://marshallbrain.com/manna... [marshallbrain.com]
Now is the time fire the experts. (Score:5, Insightful)
So, naturally, the next step is to fire all those people who would no longer have something to contribute. As a purely added bonus all these people fresh out of things to contribute happen to be with years and years of experience, which means seniority and high pay.
The mid level bean counter would think, "well, I should be able to fire at least 20 of them. Savings of 2 million on pay, another million in benefits, almost 10 mill over three years. Even if I have to let the SOBs CEO and CFO grab a mill each, I should be able to get at least 250 K for myself. Time to fire up power point, 'Work Force Optimization due to the increased Efficiency achieved by the AI system. By Gottah Avemyb Onus, Sr Vice President, Hatchet Division'"
Re: (Score:2)
And the problem is?
What you're suggesting is that we should choose the inefficient methods because it's more expensive but involves unnecessary humans. Quite where the logic of that lies, I can't tell.
If they'd hired some smarty who did the same for their company, and gave 99.9% up-time by their work, surely the same would still happen - except maybe they'd pay that guy a lot as well?
The case for "sabotaging" (look up the origin of the word) technology really died out hundreds of years ago - when we proved
Re: (Score:2)
"Your poverty isn't my problem" is usually where it all goes to hell, yes. Right up until the poor collectively discover that they can still throw rocks.
Best Video Game Level, Ever (Score:2)
HAL9000 is not so distant (Score:2)
"I've just picked up a fault in the AE35 unit. It's going to go 100% failure in 72 hours."
vs
"From its omniscient view it can see chances to combine work and share resources that no human could."
The fiction in the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey" is maybe to believe that the human brain could ever compete with a computer.
Just gotta say: Hong Kong's MTR is ROCKTACULAR! (Score:2)
Nicest subway system I've been on anyplace, bar none. A continuous amazement, built at scale. Many thoughtful design tips (f.e. your subway card can be used to pay at the nearby 7-11 (yes, a real 7-11), and you don't get held up at the turnstile when your balance is too low to get out ('cause you have an on-card deposit)).
If they're using this Expert System to help make it rock so hard, good on 'em. The USA could take a NUMBER of pointers from this thing.
Re: (Score:2)
For that the reading recommendation would be "Snow Crash".bureaucracy has not been gotten rid of, but reduced to some insignificant role while the rest of the world is gouverned not by gouvernments or bureacracy, but "business processes" and coorprations and their three-ring-binders with company procedures.
Captured legislature (Score:2)
the world is gouverned not by gouvernments or bureacracy, but "business processes" and coorprations and their three-ring-binders with company procedures.
In other words, real life. Who do you think pulls the strings of legislators and regulators?
Re: (Score:2)
Entertaining book, not a practical example at all.
First off, it overlooks the bureaucracy's were created by a people so we could do very complex things well.
Secondly, bureaucracy still exist in snow crash. They exist in other companies, and they exist in the management of different regions.
The government lost control to corporations being able to run everything through consistent privatization.
Re: (Score:2)
Not my problem, I just want to get to work on time.
The maintenance stuff? Maybe if you closed after the rush-hour evenings (instead of daytime at weekends when MILLIONS of people travel on the Tube), you might get closer to fixing it.
But, to be honest, I'm 35, and the same arguments were being spouted by politicians and unions even before I was born. Fact is, in that time, we've added whole new lines covering vast swathes of London that were never covered before and are now spending billions to connect Bi