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Transportation Government

California Passes 1st-In-Nation Emission Rules For Trains (apnews.com) 136

California has approved a groundbreaking rule to cut greenhouse gas emissions by limiting rail pollution, banning locomotives over 23 years old by 2030, increasing the use of zero-emissions technology for freight transportation, and imposing restrictions on idling. The Associated Press reports: The rule will ban locomotive engines more than 23 years old by 2030 and increase the use of zero-emissions technology to transport freight from ports and throughout railyards. It would also ban locomotives in the state from idling longer than 30 minutes if they are equipped with an automatic shutoff. The standards would also reduce chemicals that contribute to smog. They could improve air quality near railyards and ports.

The transportation sector contributed the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions nationwide in 2020, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. But rail only accounts for about 2% of those emissions. Other states can sign on to try to adopt the California rule if it gets the OK from the Biden administration. The rule is the most ambitious of its kind in the country.
"The locomotive rule has the power to change the course of history for Californians who have suffered from train pollution for far too long, and it is my hope that our federal regulators follow California's lead," said Yasmine Agelidis, a lawyer with environmental nonprofit Earthjustice, in a statement.
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California Passes 1st-In-Nation Emission Rules For Trains

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  • Here's an idea (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Viol8 ( 599362 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @05:18AM (#63485042) Homepage

    Electrification.

    It might not be suitable for all routes or all parts of a route but if you have a bi-mode diesel and electric loco it can be non polluting under the wires.

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      Japan has hybrid trains, some with batteries, some with fuel cells. The batteries are enough to cover parts of the route that don't have overhead cables for power.

      They are also adding regenerative braking to the system. It's actually part of the transformers that connect the overhead wires to the grid. Slowing trains dump energy back into the grid if they don't have their own on-board batteries.

    • by Hylandr ( 813770 )

      All trains that aren't light-rail, are, in fact, diesel electric.

  • Fuel is expensive (Score:3, Interesting)

    by John.Banister ( 1291556 ) * on Saturday April 29, 2023 @05:49AM (#63485064) Homepage
    You have to ask yourself, "Why are these companies burning expensive fuel to keep these engines idling?" Then, you need to solve that problem. After that, create legislation. Train engines that aren't allowed to idle will need to keep the coolant and lube oil hot and circulating. Or, find a way to supply the electricity the engine would have generated to the traction motors. Or, wait for EMDs to pre-lube every time you inch the train forward. You might say: "We can create the legislation first, and, once people are in an impossible situation, they'll figure a way out of it." But, if you do it that way, part of their motivation will be spite, and you'll learn that "as ye sow" isn't only advice for religious people.
    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      by drinkypoo ( 153816 )

      You have to ask yourself, "Why are these companies burning expensive fuel to keep these engines idling?" Then, you need to solve that problem. After that, create legislation. Train engines that aren't allowed to idle will need to keep the coolant and lube oil hot and circulating.

      Lube pumps are not high technology. It's not a difficult problem to solve. And there's no reason why the state should have to solve it. They did their part already.

      "We can create the legislation first, and, once people are in an impossible situation, they'll figure a way out of it."

      If you think adding a lube pump is an impossible situation, you provably do not belong here. Go shit up some other site with your ignorance.

    • Except it's difficult to raise a price for an industry. These aren't cheeseburgers. Locomotives cost more than $2 and simply raising the price of fuel will result in costs passed onto the consumer while the old locos get run into the ground.

      Simple price pressures affect an entire society very slowly and are good overall, but woefully ineffective at targeting key bad actors.

    • by caseih ( 160668 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @08:34AM (#63485208)

      Indeed. Legislators don't seem to know much about trains in general and diesel locomotives in particular, nor do they have any real clue as to where pollution and carbon emissions truly come from, broken down by source. Despite their massive size and fairly poor and dirty emissions, trains are so incredibly efficient at moving cargo that, compared to all the other forms of cargo transportation, the pollution hardly matters. You could shut trains down completely while we wait for electric train infrastructure to be rolled out, and it wouldn't make one drop of difference on the whole to NOx and particulate levels.

      To a lesser degree this is the same issue I have with agricultural diesel emission regulations as well.

      Meanwhile Amtrak operates under much stricter emissions regulations (Tier 4) than freight trains do (ostensibly Tier 3), and the regs do nothing but increase costs and provide endless sources of work for the poor souls who try to keep the exhaust treatment and EGR systems working properly.

      • Re:Fuel is expensive (Score:4, Informative)

        by andyring ( 100627 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @09:31AM (#63485276) Homepage

        You're not wrong. Even on the GEVO Tier 4 locomotives, we can only clean the EGR cooler once and then it has to be entirely swapped out. It's not a small task. More than half the time we try to clean the EGR cooler on a Tier 4 it doesn't work anyway and we end up swapping it out. No small task. I forget the service interval on the EGR cooler, maybe 6 months? Our shop doesn't see a lot of them but I've definitely worked on them, including the EGR cooler portion.

        The Tier 4 units themselves are such a clusterf to work on too.

        • by caseih ( 160668 )

          And to be honest the difference between Tier 4 and Tier 3 isn't all that much of an improvement. As we move to Tier 5 it's a case of very diminished returns.

        • Since you've worked on these coolers, I'm wondering: Do you would be a problem in the engine design to make them easier to swap?
          • Hard to say. There a crap ton of extra piping all over the place inside a Tier 4. And wiring/sensors too.

            What I donâ(TM)t get is why we canâ(TM)t use some kind of coil cleaner on them. The device looks internally like the fins on an air conditioner condenser. The GE-spec for cleaning them is literally just hot water. No cleaning solutions, no solvents, just pressurized hot water.

            Why not try some coil cleaner or a solvent that will help dissolve the crap on the fins? Then maybe they would last a lo

            • If they only allow water, maybe ultrasonic water? I can see them not allowing anything else so that their warranty doesn't cover the combustion of any residual vapor left over from cleaning. I bet there's cleaners allowed when it isn't clean in place.
        • The trucking industry has resigned itself to injecting DEF (diesel emission-control fluid, essentially urea) into the exhaust to accomplish the mandated control of nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions.

          The railroad industry has held firm that they don't want to use DEF. The only consumables they want to supply to a railroad locomotive are diesel fuel and traction sand.

          The story I have heard is that using DEF may not eliminate all of the maintenance problems you describe, but it would go a long, long way to r

      • Despite their massive size and fairly poor and dirty emissions, trains are so incredibly efficient at moving cargo that, compared to all the other forms of cargo transportation, the pollution hardly matters.

        Being efficient is just one factor as to whether something matters, another factor is how wide spread its use is. Whether it is targeted or not is the subject of a 3rd factor: the ease of substitution.

        Yes pollution from diesel trains matter, even if they are efficient at hauling cargo. I can't find numbers for California, but in the EU rail transport is insanely electrified, massively underutilised for cargo compared to the USA, and emissions laws have existed for diesel locos for 20years and it still contr

        • by caseih ( 160668 )

          Are you referring to carbon emissions or NOx and particulates? Keep in mind these regulations, while having some effect on CO2, typically target NOx and particulate emissions, where we've really reached the point of diminished returns.

          I agree electrification of the rail is where everyone need to be. But these diesel train regulations are just a way of passing the buck and making someone else carry the cost. Like a lot of regulations these days including the federally-mandated CAFE standards, this kind of

          • I agree electrification of the rail is where everyone need to be. But these diesel train regulations are just a way of passing the buck and making someone else carry the cost.

            Right, "someone else", like someone directly responsible for the pollution...

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      Lack of incentive to innovate. Fuel isn't expensive enough to justify developing mitigations. They could jack the cost of fuel up, but the goal is to produce specific behaviour that can be targeted more directly.

      The Prius solved the coolant temperature problem in the late 90s. Toyota added a vacuum insulated flask that hot liquid is pumped into and stored until the car is started up again.

      • I have a feeling that low speed battery cars will end up being used to push trains around the yard. They can store the diesels in a warm building and idle them up to temp when they're ready for departure.
  • by ScienceBard ( 4995157 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @07:47AM (#63485154)

    To me this sounds like it's mostly targeted at particulate emissions, which given the port infrastructure and climate in that region is probably a legitimate concern (especially in the era of environmental justice). Remember that LA looked like Delhi or Beijing not that many decades ago, California has always struggled with air quality in the modern era. The "reduces greenhouse gas emissions" angle is just how everything is sold nowadays, just generic air quality isn't sexy enough to rile people up.

    • by kick6 ( 1081615 )
      WTF is "environmental justice?" Is that the attempt to attach race relationships to emissions?
      • Answer: yes

        It's important to tackle emissions from a sector that often burdens low-income residents and communities of color, and that has plans to expand passenger rail, said Air Resources Board Chair Liane M. Randolph.

        Racism has become such a taboo that many people will accept any argument if the smallest connection to racism can be established.

      • by JoeRobe ( 207552 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @08:31AM (#63485204) Homepage

        Environmental justice isn't necessarily about race (although that's frequently involved). It's about the development of industrial facilities and major polluters in economically poor areas, leading to higher cancer rates/lower life expectancy. That industrial development also reduces property values nearby, increasing poverty. As those neighborhoods become poorer, businesses leave, and the industrial facility becomes the dominant local employer. The same people that are being killed by the facility come to depend upon it for their livelihood, so taking legal action means risking losing their livelihoods. Classic examples of this in the US are the Manchester neighborhood in Houston, and "Cancer Alley" between New Orleans and Baton Rouge.

        Despite the fact that those facilities are frequently responsible for local increases in cancer, asthma, and other diseases, most people in those neighborhoods don't have the resources to legally challenge the big facility operators. Environmental justice is about shining a light on that problem, and providing a legal mechanism to help those people.

      • More like class relations but because racism it's both. If something isn't banned outright, the sources pollution just get moved into poor areas where people have no money or political influence to do anything about it.

  • by Deathlizard ( 115856 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @08:11AM (#63485182) Homepage Journal

    I really hope they have some sort of remanufacturing clause in this legislation, but knowing California, they probably don't because they think a train is like a car and is scrapped every 10 years.

    First off, all current freight trains have electric drive wheels, so the frame itself is already green. The engine is basically a generator that supplies electric to the wheels and is the component that pollutes. When trains are remanufactured they tend to modernize the engine with newer control mechanisms and parts, which tends to make them more efficient vs their older systems. Also the big trend is to replace the older DC drive systems with AC systems which further increases their efficiency and haul capacity, which also reduces pollution.

    The EPA already has pollution standards in place regarding locomotives that are separated into 4 tiers. if the legislation is written to phase out the older tiers for the newer tiers, than that would be fine, since older engines can be remanufactured to meet the more stringent standards, but banning the locomotive frame just because the frame hit an arbitrary age is not only short sighted, but wasteful.

    • First off, all current freight trains have electric drive wheels, so the frame itself is already green.

      They do not. Though this legislation will effectively ensure they will going forward.

      • The legislation is written in a way to take effect only after Caltrain electrification happens. Caltrain is probably the worst offender of any train in the state (including freight trains) when it comes to pollution. You can smell the engine and fumes from a ways off.
        • by dgatwood ( 11270 )

          The legislation is written in a way to take effect only after Caltrain electrification happens. Caltrain is probably the worst offender of any train in the state (including freight trains) when it comes to pollution. You can smell the engine and fumes from a ways off.

          It turns out that all of these news stories are grossly misleading:

          • The age limit applies only to diesel and diesel-electric, not locomotive engines in general (i.e. it doesn't cover the BART rolling stock from the 1970s).
          • The age limit is since the diesel engine was last rebuilt, which is not the same thing as when it was first built.
          • The age limit does not apply to engines that are used exclusively on electricity while in the state of California even if they have diesel hardware.
          • The age limit does not apply
  • Trans do 1.7% of overall transport emissions and .5% of overall emissions?
    And they are one of the most energy (and carbon) efficient transport systems we have!
    Seriously? Go after that? Better to force truckers to use rail whenever possible! That'll save more greenhouse gas.

    Why do California legislators make stupid mandates instead of really attacking the problems? Want less emissions? Target the trucks and the cars!

    Want people to use electric cars? Don't just mandate that the car manufactures sell ele

    • Why do California legislators make stupid mandates instead of really attacking the problems? Want less emissions? Target the trucks and the cars!

      California is already doing that.

      In other words, have a plan instead of just aspirations!

      They have a plan, you just don't understand it.

      • I lived in California for well over 15 years and can say from experience that the plan basically consists of passing knee jerk, heavy handed legislation up front to buy the votes of useful idiots who keep electing the same trash into office. Pesky things like determining if it is even feasible, what the long term effects of it are going to be, and how to even go about implementing it are left up to the plebs.

        It is the legislative equivalent of shoot first, ask questions later.

        • by stevew ( 4845 )

          I lived in CA 66 years, i.e. all my life - and you summed up the CA legislature beautifully.

          Example - We want to encourage cleaner power generation - I know - lets raise the price all-ready installed solar by charging $11/month for each installed Kilowatt of generating capacity. Along with that - lets lower the amount we are paying to purchase the excess to the lowest tier.

          The first part of that deal didn't work out - so PG&E and SDG&E are back at the trough trying to raise prices again.

          Can you tel

          • Example - We want to encourage cleaner power generation - I know - lets raise the price all-ready installed solar by charging $11/month for each installed Kilowatt of generating capacity. Along with that - lets lower the amount we are paying to purchase the excess to the lowest tier.

            The first part of that deal didn't work out - so PG&E and SDG&E are back at the trough trying to raise prices again.

            Can you tell I'm a bit peeved.

            Yes I can. But it's probably because you, like the op, don't actually understand things you accuse the government of not understanding. Like the issues residential rooftop solar can bring to the grid.

          • The solar situation is incredible bullshit, and the state's failure to control PG&E frankly has to be based on corruption at all levels. There's no other plausible explanation for why they have been permitted to do so much to so many for so long.

            With that said, a lot of the opposition to credible solutions to California's problems is simply nimbyism. Humboldt rejected offshore wind years ago, and only just recently agreed to it because PG&E declared that they had no plans to increase generation capa

    • Trains are already pretty efficient and green, per ton transported. Looks like CA is barking up the wrong tree.

  • by Anonymous Coward
    Trains are just low hanging fruit - if California wants to actually do something ban planes over a certain pollution value even it winds up grounding everything.
  • Commerce Clause (Score:3, Insightful)

    by PPH ( 736903 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @08:35AM (#63485214)

    Many of the trains (freight in particular) run interstate routes to and from California. Assuming that the operating companies are outside California, I don't see how they will get away with this without federal legislation.

  • I wonder if CA even has the authority to make laws concerning rail. Rail Roads are something that is covered by Federal Law. Note that this a question - not a statement. Where is the cross over between state authority and Federal authority in this space?

  • by groobly ( 6155920 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @11:54AM (#63485456)

    The stated reason is more that the diesel exhaust is bad for anyone who lives nearby. This is correct. The solution is do not allow housing within half a mile of tracks, not disrupt the entire rail system. But when it comes to housing, Democrats love the Republican developers and the trade unions they employ, so they get anything they want.

    As for the GHG angle, it will make no difference at all in global warming. Just another religious war from CARB and the California junta.

    BTW, they are also killing diesel trucks. The good part is as above; the bad part is as above.

    Consequences? Everything in California will become much more expensive, including electricity, whose demand will ever more exceed supply, despite all the solar panels and windmills.

    It can only be hoped that so many people will move out of California that at least housing prices will go down, but that's unlikely because the junta is subsidizing illegal immigrants, who drive up the cost of "affordable" housing.

    • The solution is do not allow housing within half a mile of tracks

      That's not going to happen lol. You didn't think through the consequences of your proposal. It's pretty expensive.

    • by dgatwood ( 11270 )

      The stated reason is more that the diesel exhaust is bad for anyone who lives nearby. This is correct. The solution is do not allow housing within half a mile of tracks, not disrupt the entire rail system.

      Your "solution" would disrupt the entire rail system. You do realize that passenger rail and freight tend to share rail lines when going through metropolitan areas, right? That means you want housing as close as possible to the rail lines, or else public transit isn't viable. In other words, your proposal can basically be summarized as "ban all rail transit in the LA Basin and the San Francisco Bay Area." That's just not realistic.

      As for the GHG angle, it will make no difference at all in global warming.

      You're joking, right? The new rules require all engines built or rebuilt

  • to get out of California. Pretty shrewd really, you will only be able to take what you can carry. And the state can seize everything else to be put to better purpose.
  • by RogueWarrior65 ( 678876 ) on Saturday April 29, 2023 @03:10PM (#63485792)

    Congratulations, rest of the country. Between this and the diesel truck ban, good luck getting any product from Asia without paying through the nose for shipping. IMHO, this should be headed for a constitutional challenge because of the interstate commerce clause.

    • Container traffic is down globally, First came the immense backup at the LA ports, which caused re-routing, then the labor uncertainty is causing more, and the pollution mitigation will effectively choke out service long double stacked trains. The East Coast and Gulf ports will happily take the difference, railroads might actually make a little more from the shift.
    • IMHO, this should be headed for a constitutional challenge because of the interstate commerce clause.

      They're not making any rules for other states. If your train doesn't enter California, they can't regulate its emissions. And California is unique among states in the right to set its own emissions regulations, because we have demonstrated that we are more responsible at it than the feds.

      • Except that a huge percentage of goods coming in to the country from Asia enter through the port of LA and Long Beach. From there, they are loaded onto trains and trucks going East. Fun fact: the original boundary of the state of Arizona included the Gulf of California which would have allowed for a domestic port not in California. The railroad didn't like this so they convinced the powers-that-be to clip off the southwestern corner of Arizona.

  • Remember, in most of California the tracks are owned by private parties. Union Pacific Railroad leading by over 3,000 miles alone. (Across the United States they own more tracks than the entire nation of France, so figure). And the second one is BNSF Railway, and list goes on like that. There is very minuscule amount of public owned tracks in here, meaning they are almost always part of the national network. (That is why passenger transport on the West coast is terrible in terms of rail lines, since all inc

  • Between the unions blocking port automation and the eco-virtue signaling of our wonderful politicians we're going to see the end of California as a major port-of-entry. TEUs numbers have been falling in the LA port complex while Gulf Coast and East Coast ports are picking up. The recent emissions moves against trains and on-road tractors will mean that it'll be more expensive to unload and move cargo.

    Frankly, with the new Panama expansion and expanded port capacities on the other side it seems like containe

    • It's a GOOD thing if there is less traffic through the port of Los Angeles. It's a parking lot both on and off land, and a major pollution source.

  • by tiqui ( 1024021 ) on Sunday April 30, 2023 @02:30AM (#63486446)

    Here in California, the political party in charge has greater than super-majority majorities in both chambers of the legislature, ALL state-wide offices, and essentially all the judges. This is never a good thing, whether on the left or the right, because it allows a political majority to run rough shod over their opposition and ignore them, which creates a thought bubble, and ends up with nobody seriously questioning policies or challenging the administration and the bureaucrats to do better.

    This state NEVER allocates sufficient resources to [a] removing dead vegitation from open spaces and [b] having sufficient men and equipment (particularly equipment) to detect and fight wildfires. As a result, this state's government will passify some of the political supporters of the people in charge by telling them they've clamped-down on those nasty smelly dirty trains, and passify other supporters by having not disturbed mother nature by hauling away dead plants, while having far less of a pollution impact than they could have had. Every year in California multiple massive wildfires burn out of control, often for weeks on end, POURING carbon into the sky in such massive quantities that it blocks a significant amount of the visible sunlight, causes respiratory problems for many people, and when the wildfires reach structures they burn all sorts of materials that add tons of very toxic elements to the mix.... but don't worry folks, those train engines will emit an imperceptible amount less.

    This is, of course, the same state government that screams about water shortages and droughts, and (during the dry years when such activity would be very inexpensive in relative terms) REFUSES to build new reservoirs, or even dig-out more acres (area, NOT depth, therefore no changes in the dams themselves would be needed) in existing reservoirs so that more can be stored in wet years. This year we have had record rainfall, the snow pack on our mountains is something like triple normal, and as this snow melts, the majority will be allowed to flow straight out into the ocean (after doing some flooding damage on the way, of course) and within 12 months we will probably be back to being told to ration water in the face of drought. This is entirely predictable (particularly given the increase of population over the decades) and entirely avoidable, but one-party-rule makes it so that nobody in Sacramento can effectively question policy, challenge appointed bureaucrats, or suggest better policies.

    This is not partisan, and the problem is structural and inherent to one-party rule; I'd have the same criticism if we had a governor Trump and Lt Governor Desantis, SecState Rudy Guliani, Atty Gen Ted Cruz and any other nightmare-of-the-left leaders one could pick instead of the current left-wing government. Unquestioned and unchallenged leaders are NEVER a good thing and cannot produce effective, efficient solutions; they tend to do symbolic crap to satisfy various constituencies and/or corrupt associates, or simply out of arrogance and incompetence.

  • In Chicago we have diesel commuter trains. They are filthy. Note that they were overhauled about ten years ago, and are less filthy than they were before that, and yet are still awful.

    But the problem for them is not the pollution they put out as they move from station to station -- as the article points out, it's not that big a proportion of our pollution -- It's the pollution they make sitting idling in the downtown train stations. It's not so much global warming as lung cancer. They put out really dan

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