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Why Manufacturing's Last Boom Will Be Hard To Repeat (msn.com) 92

American manufacturing's postwar boom from the 1940s through the 1970s resulted from conditions that cannot be recreated, a story on WSJ argues. Global competitors had been destroyed by war. Energy was cheap. Unions could demand concessions without fearing job losses to foreign rivals.

Strikes were frequent in steel, auto, trucking, rubber and coal mining. That relentless pressure from an organized working class raised real wages and created fringe benefits including health insurance and retirement pay. Government support for unions kept executive salaries at just a few times median income. Stock buybacks were illegal or frowned upon. President Eisenhower declared at the 1956 dedication of the AFL-CIO national headquarters that "Labor is the United States."

The system began unraveling by the mid-1960s. The Vietnam War drained federal coffers. Inflation accelerated as government deficits exploded. Nixon abandoned the gold standard in 1971, unleashing currency volatility. The 1973 OPEC oil embargo quadrupled energy prices. Foreign competition returned from Japan, Korea and West Germany. American companies carried mounting legacy costs like pensions that discouraged investment in upgrades and research.

Milton Friedman declared in a 1970 New York Times essay that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. Clinton signed NAFTA in 1993 and championed the World Trade Organization in 1995. Bethlehem Steel employed around 150,000 people in the mid-1950s. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2001. Its former hometown plant in Bethlehem, Pa., is now a casino.
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Why Manufacturing's Last Boom Will Be Hard To Repeat

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  • Who signed NAFTA? (Score:5, Informative)

    by MobyDisk ( 75490 ) on Thursday November 06, 2025 @01:33PM (#65777994) Homepage

    Just for the record: George Bush (R) negotiated and signed NAFTA in 1992 but he wasn't able to get the corresponding US bill passed before the end of his term, so Bill Clinton (D) signed the US law in 1993. Both presidents supported NAFTA.

    • by RossCWilliams ( 5513152 ) on Thursday November 06, 2025 @02:17PM (#65778112)

      Both presidents supported NAFTA.

      They both went to Yale. Both parties share the same elitist agenda. The debate is about important issues where there is disagreement. Like what bathroom should transgender women use.

    • On either side of the border but the manufacturing jobs were always doomed. By 1993 automation was devouring factory jobs. We focus on outsourcing because it's more immediate and abrupt so it makes a better news story but 70% of the jobs lost got taken by robots not Mexicans.

      Clinton knew that and his solution to it was the kind of out of touch nonsense you get from over-educated Democrats. Well meaning and useless.

      His plan and his wife's plan was for all of us to go get advanced college degrees and
      • It's also worth noting that NAFTA obliterated Mexico's smaller farmers which massively ramped up illegal migration from Mexico to the US.

      • Workers jobs did not just disappear to automation here. They went to China along with the capital workers had created to improve Chinese workers more productive so they could compete with American workers who were still using outdated technology. Had that money been invested here, automation wouldn't have just eliminated jobs, it would have just created more productive jobs.

        The argument that globalization wasn't the cause of American workers declining living standards is propaganda to sidestep taking respon

    • Also, Donald Trump renegotiated and extended NAFTA in his first term.

      • Also, Donald Trump renegotiated and extended NAFTA in his first term.

        Well, he renamed it and made minor changes around the edges so he could claim that it was broken and he fixed it. And then, of course, proceeded to violate the agreement he signed.

  • by wakeboarder ( 2695839 ) on Thursday November 06, 2025 @01:34PM (#65778002)

    Is we let manufacturing happen in countries that are our direct rivals, instead of friendly countries. All because we wanted cheap stuff. I don't care about cheap goods anymore, we throw too much away.

    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      by Sique ( 173459 )
      If we listen to the current rhetoric, every country is a direct rival. And the idea was that people who trade with you are seldom interested in killing you, because that would stop the trade they profited from all the time.
      • by dbialac ( 320955 )
        I've not ever considered the EU a direct rival. Free trade is the real rival, making Wall Street our own rival. Wall Street likes free trade. Main Street never has.
        • I've not ever considered the EU a direct rival. Free trade is the real rival, making Wall Street our own rival. Wall Street likes free trade. Main Street never has.

          The EU isn't a rival. European companies might be rivals of American companies, and vice versa. Economically speaking, that's no different from competing with domestic companies.

          That's another goofy thing about contemporary economic and political reporting. Countries don't trade and don't compete economically. People do. Talking about a country doing this or that economically is just shorthand for saying some of the people in the country did this or that.

          • Talking about a country doing this or that economically is just shorthand for saying some of the people in the country did this or that.

            No it isn't. Its just recognizing that it is societies as a whole that accomplish things, not individuals.

            • No it isn't. Its just recognizing that it is societies as a whole that accomplish things, not individuals.

              That is a deep philosophical issue: is a society just an aggregation of individuals or something more? It's been a central question of ethics and politics since at least the Enlightenment and probably longer.

              I deeply feel society is just a shorthand description for the collective action of individuals and issues should primarily be viewed through the lens of how it affects individuals. Evidently you feel differently. I doubt we'll settle this issue here, smarter people than us have struggled with it for cen

              • That is a deep philosophical issue: is a society just an aggregation of individuals or something more?

                Maybe abstractly. But I think in reality its obvious that human beings are almost completely incapable of surviving without the support of other human beings much less thriving. Individuals in the United States are not better off based solely on their personal actions.

                deeply feel society is just a shorthand description for the collective action of individuals

                No point in arguing with belief.

    • Is we let manufacturing happen in countries that are our direct rivals...

      I don't understand the fixation on manufacturing. It's as if people think that's the only way to create value. There are lots of other ways, as witnessed by 80% of the US economy being services (e.g. banking, insurance, health care, education, professional services, entertainment, and my industry, software development).

      We decreased our manufacturing jobs because we had other, more productive, things for Americans to do. Or to put it another way, our comparative advantage is in services, not manufacturing.

    • No, it was not because we wanted cheap stuff. No politician ran on cheap stuff, hell no politician ran on globalisation or mass immigration. That was all railroaded by the elite. The only politicians and media who were protesting it, were on the extreme fringe.

      We the people are guilty of a lot of things, but we didn't vote for this.

    • we let manufacturing happen in countries that are our direct rivals, instead of friendly countries. All because we wanted cheap stuff. I don't care about cheap goods anymore, we throw too much away.

      I am continuously flummoxed by people like you thinking that you or your opinion matters. The only thing that matters as far as people in your position are concerned are what the masses do as a whole. As a whole, the masses prefer cheap shit regardless of external costs because the masses are unable to put 2 and 2 together to get 4.

      YOU DON"T MATTER. The only thing that matters is what can be manipulated. None of our leaders are leading. They are taking. From you. So I guess you matter a little bit.

      • Talking about it doesn't hurt anything, yeah you have to have a tipping point to create change. Not talking about it is probably worse. Now there are 30+ people that are thinking about this instead of 1.

  • by Fly Swatter ( 30498 ) on Thursday November 06, 2025 @01:43PM (#65778032) Homepage
    And that is the problem.
    • by Anonymous Coward

      Taxes. The word you're looking for is taxes.

    • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

      by argStyopa ( 232550 )

      Honestly, the problem was Co. v. Riggs (203 U.S. 243 (1906)) that established corporations be treated legally like people.

      The moment this happened it was the beginning of the exoneration of c-suites from the consequences of their actions. I suspect that if these individuals' freedom and wealth were liable for the consequences of their choices, the subsequent century would have played out rather differently.

      • Hindsight being 20-20, we should have built guillotines the next year.

        • I genuinely don't understand why slashdots downvote mafia attacked my former post as troll. Unless I miss my guess I have a fair couple of stalkers that just downvote every post I make, and then pepper my comments with bottish AC replies about Trump and No Kings. :|

          Anyway, to your point, if you haven't seen it, I offer for your amusement something relative to your comment from the great Trevor Moore:
          https://www.youtube.com/watch?... [youtube.com]

    • And that is the problem.

      Successful companies produce great products at prices people are happy to pay, making everyone involved better off. How's that not being socially responsible?

      That was the essence of Friedman's point, that serving customers is and ought to be the only goal for a company. You tell you're doing that well by measuring your profit.

      • Successful companies produce great products at prices people are happy to pay, making everyone involved better off.

        Or they make crappy products at outrageous prices that people are happy to pay and make everyone's life miserable. But the only thing that matters is that they make a profit.

        • Or they make crappy products at outrageous prices that people are happy to pay and make everyone's life miserable.

          Huh. What crappy products do you buy that you're miserable about after buying? Why do you feel badly after the purchase? If this happens on a regular basis, why is that?

          I buy lots of things that which I'd like to be cheaper and have some additional features, but I'd also like to ride a luck dragon to work. That I can't buy the exact product I want at the price I want is no reason to for me to be upset. I chose to buy the product in front of me for the price being asked and I could have chosen differently.

          In

          • Huh. What crappy products do you buy that you're miserable about after buying? Why do you feel badly after the purchase? If this happens on a regular basis, why is that?

            Lots of people buy crappy products because they are cheap and then they break.

            • Lots of people buy crappy products because they are cheap and then they break.

              That's the first half. How about the second? Are they miserable?

              I buy cheap products which break all the time. I'm mature enough to realize I made a choice of buying a cheap product which wouldn't last instead of an expensive one which would.

              (Here's my favorite story. I wanted to install some crown moulding. A friend suggested I buy the cheapest compound miter saw I could from Harbor Freight. I did. The arm snapped in half right after I completed the room. But that was OK, the room was done, I could afford

              • I buy cheap products which break all the time. I'm mature enough to realize I made a choice of buying a cheap product which wouldn't last instead of an expensive one which would.

                The point was the company doesn't care, they are just trying to make a buck. Their success does not depend on your happiness. So this is not always true:

                successful companies produce great products

                And if that harbor freight saw had broken mid-project you would have been miserable.

                • The point was the company doesn't care, they are just trying to make a buck. Their success does not depend on your happiness. So this is not always true:

                  Well, sure. No one is responsible for my happiness but me. How in the world would a company know I'd actually prefer a high-cost, long-lasting product if that's not what I buy? A company can only assume that if I keep buying low cost products over high cost ones, that's what I actually prefer and that's what I'm happiest with. Now, if a company makes products I turn out to not be happy with after buying, they won't get any return business, I'm going to tell my friends to avoid them and that's not a great wa

                  • If the company has sold you a more expensive saw would it have made any difference?
                    • If the company has sold you a more expensive saw would it have made any difference?

                      Think about how you phrased that. "The company sold..." That makes it sound like I had no say in the matter.

                      I had a lot of say in the transaction. I could have chosen a more expensive, precise, and durable saw. I could have picked the lowest cost one I could find. I could have rented. I could have borrowed one from a friend. I could have decided the entire project was not worth it. I had almost all the choice and power, the company had very little.

                      So, I find your premise misplaced. The company couldn't have

                    • OK. So if you would have paid more for the saw would it have made any difference? You make this sound like Harbor Freight has no responsibility at all for the quality of their product. If its a poorly made, crappy product its your fault for buying it.
    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      It's not just that, it's that too many industries don't want to modernize, and too many people don't want anything near them to change (NIMBYs).

      Take the cheap energy issue. There is loads of cheap energy. We have a massive fusion reactor that is fuelled for billions of years, providing more power than we could ever use, and the technology to harvest it. Some countries are taking advantage of that, but many European and US ones are stuck with high energy costs because they refuse to. That's a choice, not an

  • The article seems to define "boom" with this sentence: "The golden age--and middle-class prosperity". If that is the definition of "boom", I wholeheartedly agree that mid-century U.S. was a fluke that unusually benefitted the middle class, for the very reasons stated in the article. However, if by "boom" is meant corporate profits (as one might assume by reading only the headline), although it would take herculean effort, it is not totally impossible that the U.S. will once again become a major manufacturer
    • Why do we want more manufacturing jobs? They are hard, boring and don't pay well. Look at what you spend money on. If you count your taxes as mostly going to wards services then most of us spend over half our earnings on services. Next comes housing, then comes food. I can go weeks without needing to buy any physically manufactured stuff.
      Also this is the golden age for those who own a house. Don't think of wealth, think about consumption.
      The over 50 will continue to live in luxury till they are
      • by iamhigh ( 1252742 ) on Thursday November 06, 2025 @02:59PM (#65778208)
        You can't go a single day without using something that required manufacturing. The food packaging was manufactured. The service person sat in a chair, at a desk, working on a phone and computer, talking over miles and miles of infrastructure and every single bit of that used manufactured products.

        The ability to turn raw materials into finished goods is a core competency of any society and economy.

        Manufacturing has higher pay that many other industries. Besides, we need assembly line jobs because that's all some people can do. But they also need tech and engineering to support them, managers to manage, sales to sell, accountants to count, etc.

        It is very short sighted to think manufacturing is not beneficial to our society.
        • by ranton ( 36917 )

          It is very short sighted to think manufacturing is not beneficial to our society.

          He never said he doesn't value more manufacturing, just that he doesn't want more manufacturing jobs. Those aren't the same things, which is something the US electorate has been slow to learn.

        • by bsolar ( 1176767 )

          You can't go a single day without using something that required manufacturing.

          You can't go a single day without using something that required agriculture either, but that doesn't mean agriculture provides the kind of jobs that appeal most people, let alone enough jobs to be a pillar of employment in first-world countries.

          Manufacturing is clearly been going in the same direction and further progress in automation is inevitably going to push it further that road in the future.

          • Everyone says that 'nobody wants to do those kind of jobs', and misses the fact that it's also a variable that could be altered. Those jobs being 'low value' is a societal opinion, and opinions can change. Do a promotional campaign valuing agriculture and manufacturing. Put up some government-funded starter homes reserved for those who take jobs in certain industries. Give those who want it (and have the academic credentials to do it) after 10 years a free-ride through university. Set up some defined-benefi

      • The WSJ (and I) seek middle class prosperity, however that comes.
      • I can go weeks without needing to buy any physically manufactured stuff.

        No you can't. Other people are just buying the stuff for you. But in answer to your question, there is a mythology that what we lost were googd paying "manufacturing jobs". But there were always a lot of crappy paid manufacturing jobs. What was actually lost was good paying UNION jobs where workers negotiated for decent wages and benefits instead of all the money going into the executives pockets. Manufacturing companies with great wages all had powerful unions the demanded them and enforced that demand, of

    • The article seems to define "boom" with this sentence: "The golden age--and middle-class prosperity".

      We've been over this a dozen times. No doubt we'll be over this a dozen more.

      What's goofy about this mindset is the middle class today is way, way better off than the middle class in 1960. Houses are larger and more luxurious, cars are safer, food is more abundant, healthy, and inexpensive, travel is cheap, education is more widespread, entertainment is more varied and better (except rock and roll, that peaked about 1972). No one can look at our material standard of living now and honestly say they think th

      • You're right if one values iPads. Others value family formation.
        • You're right if one values iPads. Others value family formation.

          You know what's the beauty of living now? We have the option to use a tablet or not. We didn't have that choice in 1960.

          Maybe I use my tablet to have a (free!) video call with my kids who live hours away. Maybe you and I have a conversation about economic growth, informed by data we have at my fingertips in other tabs. Maybe I close the device and talk to my wife about my day at work and her new hobby. The world is our oyster, much more so than it was 60 years ago.

  • Automation (Score:1, Interesting)

    by rsilvergun ( 571051 )
    70% of middle class jobs were taken by automation. The United States produces more factory goods than it ever has we just do it with a robots.

    Automation has devastated the middle class. We don't like to talk about it. Google that 70% figure and you'll find a link to the article and the study that goes with it.

    We are a country where if you don't work you don't eat. And we are running out of work. We are likely to see 25 to 30% on employment in the lifetime of a 50-year-old. The last time we hit thos
    • by dbialac ( 320955 )
      There used to be a sock factory near where I live. It didn't get automated, it closed and moved its manufacturing to China where it could pay its workers even less than they could here.
      • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

        Lower wages were only a small part of it. The next logical step in mass production was to combine products from different brands. Why make socks for just one brand, when you can make socks for a hundred brands, mostly identical except for the logos and dye colours? And why ship the cotton from where it is grown to the US, and the re-export it to Europe for sales, when you can just have a factory next to the fields and then ship directly from there to retail?

        Now we are into the next phase, which is the facto

    • We are a country where if you don't work you don't eat.

      You post this over and over and it's just not true. Lots of people who don't work continue to eat. Anyone can give anybody else food, parents, children, friends, charity donors. Nobody is stopping you or anyone else from giving food to anybody you want to.

      But what you want is the ability to force other people to provide you with food (and presumably clothing and shelter and entertainment) without compensation. Essentially you want slaves who will provide you what you want without any obligation on your part

      • You can make a simple statement like "nobody starves to death in America" and it offends people every time. They'll call you deaf dumb and blind yet they can never say who it is that's starving to death.

        There are homeless people wandering around all over the place, they produce nothing, ever, yet somehow food just keeps materializing for them. In fact they hardly resemble truly destitute people actually starving around the world. I'm glad that's how it is here and wouldn't want it any other way but it'

  • American manufacturing's postwar boom from the 1940s through the 1970s resulted from conditions that cannot be recreated, a story on WSJ argues. Global competitors had been destroyed by war.

    I believe I see a possible path to repetition.

  • by gurps_npc ( 621217 ) on Thursday November 06, 2025 @02:43PM (#65778158) Homepage

    A lot of the things he mentioned were totally irrelevant to the manufacturing boom.

    Here are the things that actually mattered:

    1) Post WW 2, total lack of international competition. When most of the industrialized countries were bombed to crap, there was a period of 5 -ten years when they had to buy American to fix their factories, and then they had 5-10 years when they were focused on rebuilding the rest of their country.

    2) Baby Boom. 20 years after the war ended, there was a short period of time (10-15 years) when there was a whole lot of young people and very few old people. This was a boom to both industry and to a lesser extent scientific research.

    3) Scientific advancement without paying the cost. That same period of 30 years or so that gave us industrial advantages also gave us scientific advancements. But they had hidden costs we would pay for later. Pollution. For a short time we were also benefiting from new products without realizing the damage we were doing to the planet. This lead to immediate industrial growth that we are STILL paying off the disadvantages from.

    • All correct. Don't forget that also the US was reaping vast amounts of cash from allied nations repaying loans, which benefited the US and hampered the countries paying. I don't think we in the UK finished paying until something like 2006?

  • The MBA program's goals in the 60s werre maximizing profit and lowering costs. Those, combined with corporate greed and extreme union activity drove American manufacturing off-shore.

    Congratulations! Labor and management fucked each other. Now, everyone loses except for shareholders who reap the profits.

  • The post-war boom is not why we are forever stuck with this asinine system where employers cover employee health insurance. That is a direct result of wage caps imposed *during* WWII. Because they could not offer higher pay, employees had no way to incentivize top-tier employees to work for them. So they invented "benefits" that could legally be offered on top of wages. Free or low-cost healthcare proved to be the most popular idea, and soon every employer had to offer it if they wanted to be remotely compe
  • Wasn't the last "new" new thing, 3-d printing supposed to be the next industrial revolution, only at home? The industry returning to the cottage, and all that delightful utopian futurism? The return of manufacturing, only at a personal level.

    A home person could 3-d print an engine support bracket flange for their Saturn automobile, Or a new pot handle for their Sunbeam electric kettle, or a valve knob for your Bernz-O-matic cigarette lighter, all from your home. ???

    JoshK.

  • ... social responsibility ...

    Social responsibility is reducing the burden of the the uneducated, the sick, the hungry and the homeless. Making more money does not reduce that burden: Paying more taxes, reduces that burden. But the US government has spent 40 years helping their richest people pay less tax.

  • is the only way to get a manufacturing boom in the past.

    Why is this? Wars redirect resources due to national emergencies (real ones, not conjoured up ones). After a depression and a war, tons of manufacturers and there are surplus resources which need to be reallocated to peacetime purposes.

    As the the glut of manufacturing capability pearmeates through the peacetime economy, it lifts the living standards for most people. This lasts for a while, but then
    it starts being chipped away at by companies competing

    • Interesting idea. Not to mention the colonialization of resources that goes with war (to the victors...).

      The new model seems to be investment in R&D (cough... AI, cough...) to increase efficiency (which also corresponded with America's manufacturing dominance), but that has taken a backseat to profit taking and hype.

      And so we are back to the prospect of war.

  • So what they are saying is that we need a world war to decimate all our international competitors. But it needs to be started by someone else so that the USA isn't the bad guy, we need to wait from them to pummel each other for a few years before getting involved while remaining unscathed. Then our companies will be welcomed once more across the planet to rebuild other countries' destroyed cites.

    Seems like the plot of a derange sci-fi novel.

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