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Democrats Social Networks

X's Algorithm Feeds Off Ragebait and Impacts Democrats More, Study Finds (404media.co) 171

An anonymous reader quotes a report from 404 Media: X's algorithm learns what you hate and shows you more of it, according to a new study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The paper, titled Value misalignment of X's feed algorithm is a reflection of value tensions in engagement, found that the site's algorithm prioritized engagement above all else when it generated a user's For You Page. It also showed that X serves more ragebait to people who say they are Democrats, although the exact reason for that is unclear. "In 2026 that's maybe not the most surprising headline ever," Ziv Epstein, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University, and co-author of the paper, told 404 Media. "So we actually dug in a little deeper to figure out why this is actually happening, and it turns out that X's feed algorithm, like a lot of these social media algorithms, is optimized for engagement [but] it turns out that not all types of engagement are considered equally."

The researchers found that X's algorithm can push users toward content that conflicts with their stated values, especially when they reply to posts that anger or provoke them. Although replies accounted for just 6.8% of interactions, they appeared to carry disproportionate weight: "It's this feedback loop of outrage baiting. The algorithm learns that you get outraged and then continues to serve more content in that direction," said Epstein.

It's unclear why X seems to serve ragebait to Democrats more often than Republicans. 404 Media speculates that it may be because there's more rightwing content on X overall or that Democrats tend to engage with posts they disagree with more often. "There might be some kind of differential effects on information diets there, or it might be something more psychological about how different you know partisan identities are triggering different kinds of actions and reactions, but ultimately I don't want to speculate too much," said Epstein.

X's former product chief Nikita Bier confirmed that the site had been set to favor replies. "This is no longer true," Bier said in a post on X. "The largest contributor of seeing ragebait was the reply predictor and we were aware that angry replies were causing people to see more of that content. So last month, we gave the reply predictor a 15x boost if it's a friend's post -- and it reduced ragebait by [an] order of magnitude."

X's Algorithm Feeds Off Ragebait and Impacts Democrats More, Study Finds

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  • by Tschaine ( 10502969 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @01:10PM (#66296796)

    My feed filled itself with political rage bait groups and pages after I took the bait from one of them. It's pretty annoying because no matter how many times I pick "hide all from..." there is an endless supply of rage bait.

    The stuff that brought me to Facebook is basically just needles in the haystack of crap at this point.

    • I'd found Facebook mostly infers your political beliefs from the politicians you follow, and if you don't follow any politicians it will assume you align similarly with the bulk of your friends. The easiest way to get it to stop showing you political views you're not interested is, unfortunately, to start following some of the politicians that you hate the least.

      The social media site formerly known as Twitter, however, is a dumpster fire. It's really only worth going on if you want to shout into the void

      • by dgatwood ( 11270 )

        I'd found Facebook mostly infers your political beliefs from the politicians you follow, and if you don't follow any politicians it will assume you align similarly with the bulk of your friends. The easiest way to get it to stop showing you political views you're not interested is, unfortunately, to start following some of the politicians that you hate the least.

        What if there are no politicians that we don't hate infinitely?

      • I'd found Facebook mostly infers your political beliefs from the politicians you follow, and if you don't follow any politicians it will assume you align similarly with the bulk of your friends. The easiest way to get it to stop showing you political views you're not interested is, unfortunately, to start following some of the politicians that you hate the least.

        I assure you there is an easier way. I hope you're able to figure it out.

        • I assure you there is an easier way. I hope you're able to figure it out.

          Hold down on the Facebook app icon until it starts wiggling, then tap the "X"? Flaw in that workaround is that you lose access to all the people you actually do want to follow.

      • No, the best way to get it to stop showing that shit is to not use trash ass facebook or X in the first place
    • You're right, it's a constant, soul-sucking trap. People joke that they thought quicksand would be larger factor in their lives, but this is figuratively mental quicksand. The more you fight it, the more you get sucked in. The only way to win is not to play. Close the app and come back in 20 minutes... or not at all.

    • Not surprised given that showing you opinions that are contrary to your own opinions is more likely to get you to continue using the social media site.

      Enough people are too used to scientific consensus aligns with my opinions, any opinion not aligned will seem as a personal attack.

      Contrary opinions, statistics, facts, ideas, and debate should be encouraged; otherwise its going to be an illusion of free and open debate where only narrow range of "allowed ideas" are presented.

      Progressing and resolving the mul

  • Anyone surprised? (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Dru Nemeton ( 4964417 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @01:12PM (#66296800)
    Twitter was going downhill long before Musk was sort of forced to buy it to stop even more discovery during the trial [time.com]. Now it's just a hellhole.
    • Twitter was going downhill long before Musk was sort of forced to buy it to stop even more discovery during the trial [time.com]. Now it's just a hellhole.

      Define "going downhill". The news here is that X's filter impacts Democratic viewpoints more by feeding them conservative ragebait. Twitter before musk bought it had a less biased algorithm, but did have content moderation, and that moderation disproportionally affected conservative view points.

      So it's swung from one side to another. At some point before and after you deemed it perfect?

      • by Growlley ( 6732614 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @02:50PM (#66297020)
        Nah the reason is republicans live in a state of fear and rage , so to the ragebait ecosystem on X its just tuesday for them.
        • I think the evidence presented is that Democrats are the ones engaging with ragebait. I think this is less of an algorithm problem than it is the predisposition of the user.
          • Not, it's not. That's just one of the suppositions that needs to be tested.

          • Easily observed reality shows that people that constantly block the right wing trolls and dipshits get nothing but right-wing dipshittery in their "For you" feeds, and suggestions to follow right-wing dipshits.

            Either they're doing it on purpose, or they are inverting their algorithm's relevance results before presenting them to you. Either way, it's fucking useless and pisses people off.

            • by Powercntrl ( 458442 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @05:05PM (#66297354) Homepage

              Easily observed reality shows that people that constantly block the right wing trolls and dipshits get nothing but right-wing dipshittery in their "For you" feeds, and suggestions to follow right-wing dipshits.

              X's algorithm is right-wing trolls all the way down. Hilariously, most of them aren't even in the US.

            • That's the point. If we piss you off, you keep showing up. This is precisely how the "real" news works as well. The whole point is to get you to not turn that channel.

              Hell, remember how much people hated Howard Stern? Yeah, half his listeners hated him but just couldn't pull away. Same. Exact. Thing.

    • Twitter was going downhill long before Musk was sort of forced to buy it to stop even more discovery during the trial [time.com]. Now it's just a hellhole.

      One correction: It didn't have anything to do with discovery. Discovery was complete when the judge put the trial on hold to allow the deal to close. What happened was that Musk realized that proceeding with the trial was dumb because he was going to lose and be forced to complete the transaction regardless, and possibly on worse terms than he could get by just doing it. Avoiding the public spectacle of the trial was also a consideration, I'm sure, but not discovery... 10 days before trial discovery is

    • It was going downhill, which is why it was for sale to begin with.

      We didn't need him dropping a 5-ton anvil on the accelerator though, which is what he did.

      "For You" is nothing but a firehose of right-wing agitprop now. There is literally nothing for me on that page, and they recently seem to have sent out an app update that always causes you to land on that shitshow slop feed every time you wake the app.

      Between that, and the "we don't shadowban but put 'labels' only you and the algorithm can see that hide

  • Is it ragebait, or (Score:3, Insightful)

    by ArmoredDragon ( 3450605 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @01:13PM (#66296804)

    Is it content they just don't like? Both here and on Reddit, especially when the audience is Russian, I'll make comments that likely piss off the reader, but they don't really have any argument against it, yet are compelled to reply anyways. Like for example, telling Russians that they blew up their own oil storage tank in Moscow. Pisses them off for sure.

    But here's the kicker: What's worse, ragebait, or echo chamber where people only hear what they want to hear?

    This is the exact criticism I levy against bluesky and others: By giving people only what they want to hear, you're effectively making them dumber, less informed, etc. I'd argue that what twitter is doing is only unhealthy if it convinces people that there are more extremists than there are normal people. But if it's a choice of either having one or the other, I'm tempted to argue that an engaged population is better than a dumb one, we just need to do more to keep people civil AND engaged.

    • But here's the kicker: What's worse, ragebait, or echo chamber where people only hear what they want to hear?

      Good point, but also a false dichotomy. There IS a middle ground, where some (arbitrary until research gives further guidance) amount of "what I'm interested in" is mixed with some other amount of "everything else regardless of my viewing and posting history" and delivered as posts, recommendations, or whatever.

      Of course, this would ultimately result in less addiction to the platforms, and therefore less profit. I see that as yet another argument in favour of social media being regarded as part of the commo

    • by Powercntrl ( 458442 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @01:54PM (#66296858) Homepage

      Is it content they just don't like?

      The Republican Party itself has become a purveyor of ragebait. This is from the campaign website [byrondonalds.com] of the man who just won Florida's gubernatorial primary:

      From the State House to the US House, Byron has a proven record of standing up for our values. From defending Second Amendment rights, to protecting life, and to keeping radical woke ideology out of schools, Byron will always fight the Left’s agenda.

      Look, I'm totally fine with seeing political positions that I disagree with. That's how political discourse in a democracy is supposed to work. The example I just quoted though, is intentionally inflammatory.

      • Looks like someone fell for the ragebait.

    • comments that likely piss off the reader, but they don't really have any argument against it, yet are compelled to reply anyways.

      Yes. That is pretty much textbook ragebait. Sites love it, because people reading and replying = engagement = more advert impressions = more money and power.

      As for the ragebait vs echo chamber debate? I dunno. Both seem bad to me. Neither will inform anyone or change anyone's mind. Ragebait induces people to double down on their wrongthink, while echo chambers reinforce their wrongthink.

      I suggest we pass on both.

    • I'd argue that what twitter is doing is only unhealthy if it convinces people that there are more extremists than there are normal people

      X is bad for our democracy because it's controlled by money - money can purchase access to eyeballs through "promoted" Tweets (or whatever they call them now), and money is the basis of the design of X's algorithm (well, that and Musk's ego). So when the oligarchs, massive corporations, and egomaniacs control the information that people see, it quickly destroys democracy and becomes unhealthy for all of us.

      • by dgatwood ( 11270 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @03:49PM (#66297170) Homepage Journal

        X is bad for our democracy because it's controlled by money - money can purchase access to eyeballs through "promoted" Tweets (or whatever they call them now), and money is the basis of the design of X's algorithm (well, that and Musk's ego). So when the oligarchs, massive corporations, and egomaniacs control the information that people see, it quickly destroys democracy and becomes unhealthy for all of us.

        And by that, you mean X is bad for our democracy because it is a for-profit corporation. Free speech and corporate fiscal sponsorship of that speech have been at odds since time immemorial. The problem is that the corporate sponsorship seems to be winning and the free speech seems to be losing, drowned out by the voices of those who have more money, more bots, etc.

        • And by that, you mean X is bad for our democracy because it is a for-profit corporation

          Partially yes. I'm not against earning a profit, or even against the existence of corporations. I'm against the idea that corporations are people; that money is speech; and against the manipulation and exploitation by social media companies whose only care is to make more and more money.

          • The concept of money is speech works because if I have more money, I can access a wider audience with my speech. Hence, if I have more money, I have more power with my speech. It's essentially impossible to change this without banning politics ads.

            The Internet has of course helped the little guy get noticed but still not to the same extent that someone with gobs of money can do.

            I agree corporations are not people though. Though, since they are legally considered that way, I definitely think we should be hol

  • by GeekWithAKnife ( 2717871 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @01:22PM (#66296814)
    ...

    When you think about it, a bunch of software engineers, data scientists and managers decided how these algorithms will work...and they have an agenda. (Big surprise)

    The thing that annoys me is that I warned everyone I knew about this and it was dismissed as conspiracy theories...you can lead a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink - unless there's some high colour contrast outrageous headline.

    ...and loads of social media platforms have shitty algos that promote shitty and even downright harmful content...but unlike FB, Twitter was genuinely useful in certain ways until Musk turned it into dog shit.
    • A strange game.

      The only winning move is not to play....

    • by gweihir ( 88907 )

      You are wrong. Software engineers _implement_ these algorithms, the specifications for what the algorithms aim for come from other people. In fact, for a social network, selecting the algorithm aims is a CEO obligation.

      You seem to not even have a basic understanding how these things work.

  • by fahrbot-bot ( 874524 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @01:25PM (#66296820)

    It's unclear why X seems to serve ragebait to Democrats more often than Republicans. 404 Media speculates that it may be because there's more rightwing content on X overall or that Democrats tend to engage with posts they disagree with more often.

    Republicans instead storm The Capital, assault police and threaten to hang the Vice President - then get pardoned by a Republican. Or conspire to kidnap governors... Yes, I'm painting Republicans with a broad brush, but a LOT of them aren't denouncing those people and keep supporting the party.

  • Has any article Rick Romero'd harder than this.

    The entire point of buying Twitter was to turn it into a right-wing propaganda Network. It was already not profitable.

    Fun fact you bought Twitter for Elon musk. He used investments from other companies to pay off the loans. Companies that are massively overvalued because they are looting your 401k.

    Now would be a good time to pick out your favorite flavor of cat food for retirement and you should probably have a dry option as a backup.
    • many wealthy people have pet / vanity /fashionable projects.

      Most are not profitable and funded by other efforts

      They have newspapers,magazines,ranches,rain forests,animal shelters, hospices,hospitals,schools,parks,trusts,charities,etc,etc

      Elon buying twitter is just another one of these.

      Complaining about the rich is a story as old as time.
      Sucessful hunter knows the "spot"
      Fishermen know the right rig to catch the big ones
      The "King" sleeps on a pile of gold

      • by PPH ( 736903 )

        The "King" sleeps on a pile of gold

        Not really. The principal task of the investment industry is to take clients' cash and convert it into interest bearing contracts. Negotiable contracts, (collateral for loans, payment for goods and services). Even better, variable interest and term contracts to insure against inflation.

        Only boomers want to be sitting on gold, based on my observation of all the gold coin tv ads targeting them.

  • People on ALL social media NEED to see what the other side says just as much as their own. Echo chambers make everything worse for everyone.

    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      by Powercntrl ( 458442 )

      People on ALL social media NEED to see what the other side says just as much as their own.

      I'm fine with being informed that the right-wing apparently has Christian nationalist twink boys going around to colleges giving speeches. Seriously. [wikipedia.org] I don't actually need them in my Twitter feed constantly bitching that America has left the path of God because reasons. There is a difference.

      • Doesn't sound like you actually want to hear anyone that disagrees with you. You make that abundantly clear.

        Insisting against all obvious signals that "but I want to hear people from the other side" is simply an outright lie.

        How do you believe people are so stupid that you believe they'll believe you? Are you that used to just talking to your reddit friends?

        • There's a difference between hearing what the other side has to say so you can improve your own arguments or potentially revise your own positions to be more amicable to a compromise, versus being preached at by someone whose beliefs are beyond logical contestation.

          It's worth mentioning that so-called culture war issues tend to involve things where compromise just isn't possible, so there isn't really much room for debate on those topics. That's why a lot of the people who were sick of what Twitter became

        • You seem to be ignoring the most obvious problem: bad faith argumentation.

          When "the other side" is provably lying or arguing in bad faith using logical fallacies and bullshit, there's no reason to listen.

          Bring a good faith argument, and you'll probably see people are willing to listen a bit more. But first, the entire Republican party has a massive credibility problem after a decade of constant lies. After a certain amount of time, nobody is going to listen any more because of not wanting to be exposed to

          • All politicians lie. They aren't your friends. They don't give a fuck about you. You have more in common with your fellow Democrats and Republicans that work beside you then you will ever have with one of these politicians.

    • People on ALL social media NEED to see what the other side says just as much as their own.

      The story here is precisely that it's not doing so equally.

      Echo chambers make everything worse for everyone

      Large public platforms are rarely echo chambers unless they were setup as such. The problem is people make them echo chambers. They follow things they like and agree with which proceeds to train the algorithm to feed them that kind of content.

      Its truly jarring how algorithmic systems feed completely different content to one account vs another.

    • People on ALL social media NEED to see what the other side says just as much as their own. Echo chambers make everything worse for everyone.

      Ragebait isn't about seeing what the other side says.

      It's about seeing an inflammatory caricature of the other side.

      For example, a Liberal isn't going to see some Conservative discussing some of the hard tradeoffs we'll need to pay down the debt. They'll see a Conservative proposing that Trump be given a 3rd term and trans kids get rounded up and forced into conversion therapy or some crap like that.

      Meanwhile, Conservatives won't see some Liberal discussing the economics of Universal Healthcare. They'll see

      • It's about seeing an inflammatory caricature of the other side.

        Which is what drives up engagement. Can't have people getting the impression that most people fall more towards the middle on the political spectrum, because that's just boring.

      • > They'll see a Conservative proposing that
        > Trump be given a 3rd term and trans kids get
        > rounded up and forced into conversion
        > therapy or some crap like that.

        Yeah, the thing is that this is EXACTLY what mainstream conservativism is now. El Presidente for life, ban all the LGBandespeciallyT people from everything and convert, or ideally kill, them... That's not not fringe trolling on the dark corners of the internet like 4chan and stormfront anymore. That's their actual position which they

    • What sides? Fair and reasonable discourse is impossible on these platforms. There's only the side of those who control the algorithms, and the suckers who engage with them.

    • People on ALL social media NEED to see what the other side says just as much as their own.

      Yes, but the question is how it's being represented. Are they being provided with the well articulated viewpoint shared by the vast majority of the other side they disagree with? Or are they being shown the most extreme, inflammatory edge cases of the other side which are incorrectly being portrayed as mainstream? The former can encourage debate, but the latter is just fueling an attitude of "those people are crazy, there's no way I can co-exist with them."

      • The character limit on Twitter (unless you have a paid subscription, yuck) also pretty much guarantees that all debates ultimately devolve into insults, because it's a lot easier to just call someone's mom a ho, rather than systematically attack all the flaws in their argument. Especially if you're typing on a phone.

    • by Sigma 7 ( 266129 )

      People on ALL social media NEED to see what the other side says

      I don't "need" to see people saying that Trump is a no-war president, only for those to later complain that Trump does the equivalent of doing wars on other countries.

      I don't "need" to see that FEMA cuts are necessary, only for those to later be upset about not receiving the benefits from those cuts during a disaster.

      I don't "need" to see a trump-supporting farmer upset that someone who allegedly connect them for $500,000, only to be later upset

  • I know for me, if I read something I disagree with, I may snark at it-- willingly, as I know it's driving my algorithm. But I generally don't get angry and view much of it as useless fluff I can effectively ignore.
    One of my past best friends, however, was a hard left Bay area resident, and she eventually got pissed off and "officially" dropped me as a friend because I wasn't angry enough about some thing that occurred which I can't even remember. It was literally " I can't be friends with someone who isn't

  • Account closed.
    I created my twitter account when the service was practically new and only used it a handful of times - so I might not be the target audience. Even so, I miss the original idea of it.

  • So someone can check to see why it does this?
    • Came looking for this comment. I haven't looked at the algorithm but to me it's a glaring omission that the summary doesn't link to it. The intellectually honest and interested reader is invited to read and report back.
    • yes and it maximizes engagement. period. it doesn't differentiate between positive and negative engagement. They have the tech to do that, but it would be expensive to run it at that scale for every comment on every post all day long.
  • IF they don't pair engagement signals with sentiment analysis on those same ones and treat them like a whole signal together (subtracting points for negative sentiment and adding it to positive) then they will all do this. The algorithm is public. We already know it doesn't use sentiment.
  • X - nee Twitter has skewed Republican ever since Musk bought it because the Democrats went "Eeew, fascist!" and ran to Bluesky which was essentially a rewrite of Mastodon which was where all the Republicans tried to run to when non-Musk owned Twitter BANNED Republican accounts for censorship reasons.

    If the bulk of the content is going to skew one way that's what the majority of the users are going to see. True of X, true of Bluesky.

    The only way to "win" here is not to play. Which, I don't.

  • Democrats go to Twitter to be mad about something, scream at someone about it, and then feel superior like they accomplished something. So yeah, that's what they get shown because that's what they click on and that's why they're there.
  • That's certainly an interesting way of saying that Democrats are more likely to engage often with things that make them angry.

  • The actual 'X' needs 4 serifs that are missing.:-)

  • "It's unclear why X seems to serve ragebait to Democrats more often than Republicans. 404 Media speculates that it may be because there's more rightwing content on X overall or that Democrats tend to engage with posts they disagree with more often. "

    Sentiment analysis, behavioral segmentation, ie. ML stuff most data engineers can build doesn't look all that complicated until you start creating these kinds of feedback loops. If you describe the whole system as an algorithm, that kind of hides all the levers

  • It's all about triggering neural chemistry, fight or flight (fight being prevalent because of the inherent feeling of being "safe" behind the screen), pleasure, risk and reward, etc

    These companies know 100% what they are doing, how addictive it is and how profitable it is.
    This is also why they REALLY want access to kids, nothing to do with free speech, they KNOW a developing brain is easier to addict and much much much harder to treat for the addiction. They are building products for life (if it's free,
  • by outsider007 ( 115534 ) on Wednesday August 19, 2026 @05:11PM (#66297370)

    My father held grudges. I'll never forgive him for it.

  • Because they're painfully out of alignment with the actual public.

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