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Communications United States

Is Ham Radio a Hobby, a Utility, or Both? A Battle Over Spectrum Heats Up (ieee.org) 185

Some think automated radio emails are mucking up the spectrum reserved for amateur radio, while others say these new offerings provide a useful service. Wave723 writes: Like many amateur radio fans his age, Ron Kolarik, 71, still recalls the "pure magic" of his first ham experience nearly 60 years ago. Lately, though, encrypted messages have begun to infiltrate the amateur bands in ways that he says are antithetical to the spirit of this beloved hobby. So Kolarik filed a petition, RM-11831 [PDF], to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) proposing a rule change to "Reduce Interference and Add Transparency to Digital Data Communications." And as the proposal makes its way through the FCC's process, it has stirred up heated debate that goes straight to the heart of what ham radio is, and ought to be. The core questions: Should amateur radio -- and its precious spectrum -- be protected purely as a hobby, or is it a utility that delivers data traffic? Or is it both? And who gets to decide?

Since Kolarik filed his petition in late 2018, this debate has engulfed the ham world. Fierce defenders of both sides have filed passionate letters and comments to the FCC arguing their cases. On one side is Kolarik in Nebraska. In his view, it's all rather simple: "Transparency is a core part of ham radio," he says. "And yet, you can find tons of traffic from automatic[ally controlled digital] stations that are extremely difficult to identify, if you can identify them at all, and they cause interference." The automatically controlled digital stations (ACDS) Kolarik refers to can serve to power services like Winlink, a "global radio email" system. Overseen and operated by licensed volunteers around the globe, Winlink is funded and guided by the Amateur Radio Safety Foundation, Inc. (ARSFI). The service uses amateur and government radio frequencies around the globe to send email messages by radio. Users initiate the transmission through an Internet connection, or go Internet-free and use smart-network radio relays.

On Winlink's website, the service says it provides its licensed users the ability to send email with attachments, plus messages about their positions, and weather and information bulletins. Representatives of the service say it also allows users to participate in emergency and disaster relief communications. But Kolarik's petition argues two points: First, because such messages "are not readily and freely able to be decoded," the FCC should require all digital codes to use protocols that "can be monitored in entirety by third parties with freely available, open-source software." Secondly, he wants the rule change to reduce the interference that he says services like Winlink can create between amateur-to-amateur stations -- by relegating the often-unattended automatic stations to operate solely on narrower sub-bands. Loring Kutchins, the president of ARSFI, says he believes Kolarik's petition is "well intentioned in its basis. But the fundamental conflict is between people who believe amateur radio is about hobby, not about utility. But nowhere do the FCC rules use the word 'hobby.'"

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Is Ham Radio a Hobby, a Utility, or Both? A Battle Over Spectrum Heats Up

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  • Comment removed (Score:4, Insightful)

    by account_deleted ( 4530225 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:08AM (#58890806)
    Comment removed based on user account deletion
  • Parcel up the frequencies so that some are preserved for voice, and some are preserved for data. Done and done.

    • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

      by DewDude ( 537374 )
      It's already like that.
    • by iCEBaLM ( 34905 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:25AM (#58890926)

      You mean like this? http://www.arrl.org/files/file... [arrl.org]

      • Re: (Score:2, Troll)

        by Grand Facade ( 35180 )

        The problem is the ARRL has outgrown it's britches.

        It is like todays unions, it is more interested in generating revenue than protecting my given rights.
        It will put it's own preservation above my interests.
        In other words it will not ask the hard questions and only beat around the fringes and be a lacky to the FCC acting as it's enforcement arm.

        The FCC is the problem. It is run by bureaucrats that all have their roots in the communications industry and they are puppets for the corps sucking up any gravy that

        • by jiriw ( 444695 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @06:56PM (#58893520) Homepage

          Be glad there is an ARRL and similar organisations. Without it, there won't be a spectrum. For example, in IARU Region 1 (where I live) there is talks among the 'others' (than HAM organisations) wanting to 'give' everything around 2m to aviation because that apparently needs a continuous spectrum with more capacity. No secondary usage... say bye to 2m, the most used band by novices and relays. If that happens I can throw away or have to modify most of my equipment because I'll no longer be licensed to own it. And no doubt it will have a ripple effect because currently 2m is globally harmonized and then no longer is.

          The HAM radio spectrum is 'gracefully' (ahem ahem, you may say grudgingly) granted to us for non-commercial use because we are hobby radio amateurs and apparently there are folks among us that enrich the sciences and help develop new applications that can be used on the commercial bands later, we are useful for local emergency services (which won't be endangered because, when the shit hits the fan anything goes, including using 'forbidden' spectrum), and apparently we are perceived a likable, 'dear old grampa' kinda lot (which I abhor... because we really need more young people interested in electrotechnical hobbies, of which HAM radio is one of them. By the way, I'm with 42 one of the youngest full licensed active amateur in our region). Without that, commerce and government is all to happy to snap up our spectrum and we would be powerless to stop them. Do you really think you can elect officials in office that will look upon the hobby favourably? Have you actually -noticed- the people that get elected to office nowadays and do you think they would give a flying fuck about HAM radio if there is money involved? Or maybe you think you can use the fourth box and unchain a revolution for the air waves?

          Besides, if I want to e-mail, I use Google and if I want to e-mail securely, I set up my own server and use the internet. Again, in case of emergency, anything goes and rules are applied flexibly. Keep it for that, and keep regular usage of the amateur spectrum clean of encrypted utillity usage. Do not piss into your own pond!

          73, PG8W.

    • That's the second half of what Kolarik is asking for. The ARSFI is fighting him on it, though they might care more about the first half of what Kolarik wants - requiring all communications to be in a decodable format. That would completely destroy the encrypted email over radio service, which seems like a bit much to ask for to me.

      I think just splitting the spectrum is a reasonable compromise. HAM might primarily be a hobby, but the spectrum it operates under is a limited resource with non-hobby utility. Ac

      • That would completely destroy the encrypted email over radio service, which seems like a bit much to ask for to me.

        There is no "encrypted email over radio". The Rules already prohibit that.

        I think just splitting the spectrum is a reasonable compromise.

        The spectrum is already split between data and phone. The problem is that there is no differentiation between different methods of data. There are already rules about automated systems, too.

        Accommodations should be made to allow for other uses of the spectrum.

        The majority of the spectrum, in the most limited bands, already cannot be used for automated data systems. I think there are already accommodations for all kinds of uses.

    • Parcel up the frequencies so that some are preserved for voice, and some are preserved for data. Done and done.

      Gee you invented a "Band Plan" which already exists as others have pointed out. Where it's NOT absolutely required that you follow the band plan as a matter of regulation, being a considerate Ham operator pretty much requires it. Some folks, either though ignorance or just plain stupidity and selfishness, just don't follow the Band Plans... You DO however have to follow the emission type rules.... So voice only in the voice parts of the bands, code in the code sections etc..

      • So voice only in the voice parts of the bands,

        Look more closely at the permissible emissions. CW is permitted everywhere, even in presumable "voice only" bands.

  • by p51d007 ( 656414 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:17AM (#58890868)
    But, it isn't about the hobby/utility etc. It's about one thing, and one thing only. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ And since the carriers want the spectrum, it will be just like it was when the television "industry" transitioned from analog to digital. The FCC mandated TV stations give up VHF and some UHF spectrum, which they sold to the carriers for big bucks. Same thing will happen here. The Ham community will be forced to give up more spectrum so the government can make some money. They've already done it once with the 70cm band. UPS wanted it decades ago.
    • by DewDude ( 537374 )
      It wasn't 70cm....it was the 1.25M band at 220mhz. Hams lost 220mhz to 222mhz to UPS. The 70cm thing is a geographic limitation due to the fact Canada has a smaller 70cm band than the US.
      • by mlyle ( 148697 )

        70cm is also hampered along the coasts by its use in air defense radars. Repeaters near me have gotten letters from the USAF primary user demanding that they reduce their signal level at a radar facility by 50dB.

        • Them's the breaks when you operate as a secondary allocation. Just like we expect (and defend) spectrum where we hams are primary, others have the right to do the same.
      • by Agripa ( 139780 )

        It wasn't 70cm....it was the 1.25M band at 220mhz. Hams lost 220mhz to 222mhz to UPS. The 70cm thing is a geographic limitation due to the fact Canada has a smaller 70cm band than the US.

        And then UPS decided that the system was unworkable and stopped using it.

    • That was the 1.25 meter band... not 70cm.

    • by Anonymous Coward

      This is gonna bite them in the ass someday.

      Suuuuure you can redirect the spectrum over to monied interests but HAM enthusiasts serve multiple purposes and not just "amateur radio". In rare cases of destructive disasters having some radio experts on hand means you can still communicate even when all other telecoms are down. The point of HAM radio enthusiasts isn't just that they "like radios". Being a licensed operator assures you also know the ins-and-outs of those radios, how to build them, and how to serv

    • this isn't about the gov't making money, it's about corporations. If you want stuff like this to stop you've got to stop voting for people that accept bribes [opensecrets.org]. Taking Corporate PAC money should be a deal breaker.
    • by Miser ( 36591 )

      Good luck with that.

      I'm referring to the current International row over 2m (144-148mhz). Not sure what traction it will gain, but let's say it passes, what do you do with all the 2m equipment? You just KNOW folks will be upset and splatter all over the band (reference: listen to 80m sometime ....). FCC doesn't have the manpower to fight it all.

    • by antdude ( 79039 )

      HAM radios are still useful for emergencies. Just because they are very old doesn't mean they're useless.

  • by DotComCTO ( 4529147 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:19AM (#58890886)
    Ham radio is certainly a fun hobby where people across the world can connect and communicate using a variety of modes, such as voice, Morse code, Slow-Scan TV, Radio Teletype, and many more. It's also a utility, especially in times of disaster relief. Many times ham radio has been the only means of communication. For example, during the major Mexican earthquake in the 1980s, the radio club I was in handled a large amount of traffic; passing messages from families in Mexico to relatives in the US and vice-versa. Ham radio is also a place for learning, research and experimentation. Sure, you can just easily put a pre-built station + antenna together, but many hams enjoy building their own equipment and antennas, or learning to use newer modes of communication. So, the answer to the question in the title is that ham radio is both of those things, but it encompasses much more than that, too.
  • by iCEBaLM ( 34905 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:22AM (#58890902)

    FCC Part 97:

    Subpart Aâ"General Provisions Â97.1 Basis and purpose. The rules and regulations in this part are designed to provide an amateur radio service having a fundamental purpose as expressed in the following principles:

    (a) Recognition and enhancement of the value of the amateur service to the public as a voluntary noncommercial communication service, particularly with respect to providing emergency communications.
    (b) Continuation and extension of the amateur's proven ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art.
    (c) Encouragement and improvement of the amateur service through rules which provide for advancing skills in both the communication and technical phases of the art.
    (d) Expansion of the existing reservoir within the amateur radio service of trained operators, technicians, and electronics experts.
    (e) Continuation and extension of the amateur's unique ability to enhance international goodwill.

    So, as you can see, it is clearly a service, but it is a voluntary noncommercial one, which makes it a hobby.

    • by reanjr ( 588767 )

      I'm not sure if I would characterize volunteer emergency services as a hobby. Is firefighting a hobby, too?

      • by iCEBaLM ( 34905 )

        Is it done regularly during a persons leisure time for pleasure? Maybe by some people?

        Amateur radio certainly is.

    • It's a service. A communications provider in the case of emergencies that make other communications systems fail.

      It provides a public service, a communications resource which includes equipment, trained operators and organizations designed to provide emergency communications resources. All this is provided at no cost to the government as the equipment is provided by the licensees who are organized and trained at their own expense.

      I ask you, what would you do if your cell phone and internet providers all

      • Amateur radio is a volunteer service activity that fulfils a social role for its participants.

        The amateur radio community is also an extremist group promulgating a system of morals at variance with mainstream society.

        • Amateur radio is a volunteer service activity that fulfils a social role for its participants.

          The amateur radio community is also an extremist group promulgating a system of morals at variance with mainstream society.

          LOL... If you mean we like to follow the law and FCC rules and expect others to do this as well, than I guess that makes us kind of extreme in today's age. I mean who needs law and order? Forget all that, we are anarchists, because we don't follow any rule, except we don't follow rules.

          Enjoy your life in the lock-up.. I for one, generally like to follow rules and stay out of trouble, so I guess it's clear to me now why I'm also a ham.

          • Belonging to the Knights of Columbus can create some public dissent in being confirmed to a Federal Court. The people complaining are high elected officials, so they are not in lock-up -- yet.

            Perhaps being a ham can have the same effect?

    • I do believe that any digital modes used in the Amateur bands should be open source. Any modes or protocols that require paying for a license would seem to go against the spirit of the FCC's rules. I use C4FM, psk modes, Olivia, etc, myself, and it pisses some folks off because they can't easily listen into my conversations using their scanners. I get it, and I think it is a grey area. Perhaps the FCC should regulate digital modes? That would come at the cost of innovation though.

  • by StandardCell ( 589682 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:38AM (#58891004)
    No amateur station shall transmit communications, on a regular basis, which could reasonably be furnished alternatively through other radio services. [cornell.edu]

    Part 97 also specifies that there should be no pecuniary interest, meaning compensation for services, except for those related to the service.

    What Part 97 doesn't specify is that its licensees are hobbyists, but that is completely irrelevant. The FCC, in agreement with the IARU, has agreed to set certain conditions for licensing and the use of the spectrum within the agreed-upon areas.

    The folks who run Winlink are using the same arguments as the folks who ran Backpage or Craigslist "personals", i.e. that they don't know anything and don't control what goes over their services. The reality is that they, like Backpage or Craigslist, are facilitating unlawful communication and allowing a lot of folks (e.g. mariners) to avoid using commercial paid marine radio and satellite data services. It's even worse when considering the high frequency trading data that has been going on in the amateur radio bands.

    This all has to stop. The FCC needs to step in and start issuing huge fines, if not criminal referrals to federal prosecutors. If these folks don't like the law as written, they can work to change it using legal means. Until then, they shouldn't get their way. Their dislike of it doesn't somehow allow them to flout regulations any more than if they were on police bands or cellular or broadcast or aircraft frequencies. It's good that this battle is finally being fought.
    • Re: (Score:1, Troll)

      The reality is that they, like Backpage or Craigslist, are facilitating unlawful communication and allowing a lot of folks (e.g. mariners) to avoid using commercial paid marine radio and satellite data services.

      You seem to be implying that mariners that use Winlink instead of paying a commercial carrier are running afoul of the law. If so, that's a bad law on it's face: unethical (why should the law require paid carriers for communications, if not for the carrier's benefit alone?), difficult to enforce, and difficult to communicate.

      If not, then can you elaborate on what you meant vs what you said?

  • by jellomizer ( 103300 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @11:40AM (#58891034)

    The personal computer revolution came out of the Hobby groups. A lot of Art and Ligature comes from hobbies as well.
    A Vibrant Hobby Community, is extremely important to our economy and our well being.

    There is massive value with professionals, and specialists as they spend most of the time working on a particular subject to make it optimal... However the Hobby group isn't always about getting it right, but trying different methods and tricks, and often have limitations that professionals people don't have. So new ideas come from these limitations.

    HAM Radio community is a vital infrastructure. Professional Radio Spectrum and other formal communication infrastructure can be targeted, and are at whim of cost vs benefit. If there is a problem with such formal communication infrastructure. Or natural disaster. Those HAM Radio Enthusiasts will probably be the only source of communication out there. As your Cell will be out, and employees for these big companies will not report to work to keep an infrastructure going when they are trapped.

    • Computers have long since progressed out of the hobbyist realm and have become appliances, that officially you're not supposed to open, repair, reprogram, etc.... But home-brew Ham radio is still alive and well. You can build your own gear. There are lots of kits, and I am listening on a kit ham radio as I type this. You can experiment with antennas, amplifiers, tuners, etc. I am using amateur radio to introduce my children to electronics for this very reason. It is one of the very last things people are st
      • Trust me...

        Many new innovations you see in high end computers come right out of the hobbyist community. It's still just as strong as it always was.

        And yes- I am a licensed ham.

        • Agreed. The hobbyist computer scene is definitely still out there (heard of Raspberry Pi?) and is pretty much as big as it ever was. It's much smaller than the newer appliance computing scene, but that's not because it's shrunk--it's just that appliance computing has gotten so universal.

      • by Toth ( 36602 )

        An old HAM I worked with when I was young (I'm over 70 nor) Told me, "We call HAMS who didn't make their own capacitors using foil and wax paper Appliance Operators".

    • by TeknoHog ( 164938 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @06:40PM (#58893452) Homepage Journal

      The personal computer revolution came out of the Hobby groups. A lot of Art and Ligature comes from hobbies as well.

      I'm gueßing this includes a lot of Unix dæmons too.

  • by Anonymous Coward

    I've been a Ham for around 55 years. I got my novice license when I was 13. Long enough to see many achievements brought about through ham radio enthusiasts, including Ham radio's very own satellite for communications. In the 1960's, 10 meters, 2 meters, and the 455 Mhz bands were basically unusable due to the technology of the day. Then came the repeaters and the radios that could operate at those frequencies, which became the chat lines of Ham radio (parallel to the CB craze). Throughout Ham Radio's histo

    • by Anonymous Coward

      I'm a HAM, though not a very active one. The only reason I was interested in getting a license was for data transfer. I don't care about talking on HAM bands - it just seems kind of useless given all the other easier ways we have for talking. But data transfer (winlink, APRS etc.) seems quite interesting for younger HAMS. Also setting up mesh networks sometimes requires a HAM license for higher power output.

      • It's an interesting hobby project, but the practical uses for such a network are very limited. Not just by the ban on encryption, but the ban on commercial traffic and on third-party traffic. You can built your mesh with ham bands, but then you can't allow anyone without a ham license to use it. I got into ham for data comms myself, but I quickly became disillusioned: There's hardly anyone around who still cares about that, now that mobile phones and the internet are around. The only data modes you're likel

    • by Big Boss ( 7354 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @12:22PM (#58891304)

      While I get what you are saying, the law clearly states that encryption on the ham bands is illegal in the US. We don't get to ignore it because it's inconvenient. It's not a horrible argument, but it's one that needs to be taken up with FCC and Congress, not just going ahead and transmitting encrypted data anyway.

    • The fact that the emails are typically encrypted is understandable

      They are not typically encrypted, and it is illegal to do so, at least in the US. This is a request to change US laws.

      as this can protect many people in countries where any type of communication services are vigorously suppressed.

      If the communication service of amateur radio is vigorously suppressed, then the user is not a licensed amateur radio operator, and communication by a US amateur with him is illegal. The issue being debated has nothing to do with suppression of amateur radio in certain countries.

      No, you can't casually "read the mail" (old Ham talk for listening in on a conversation) as the emails go across. Nor should you be able to.

      Yes, absolutely you should be able to. Amateur radio in the US is self-policing. That means it is in everyone's b

    • It's the same in my similar large city. Where the radio clubs used to be very active and maintained and invested in top quality repeaters. 2M, 70cm, 12.GHz, analog and DSTAR and even some clubs with 900MHz and the Yaesu digital format I forget the name of. All of that was huge 10 years ago.

      Now, more than half the repeaters have died and not been repaired. The clubs are dying. Meetings have faded. Weekly nets have just ended. Sunday nights around here used to have net after net after net, sometimes

      • and the Yaesu digital format I forget the name of.

        It used to be "C4FM", now it's "Fusion". Like P25 but not the same. If it were P25 compatible, people could buy non-Yaesu radios to use it.

        But Yaesu does have a good buy-in program for repeater operators. $700 for a frequency-agile, dual band capable repeater in a box. 2m or 440, either up or down. The only catch is that you have to put it up for a year as at least an AMS (automatic mode switching) repeater. It has to be able to do Fusion. The controller really sucks -- basic functions only.

        The previous

    • by Pyramid ( 57001 )

      "Ham radio is dying" is contrary to the fact that there are more licensed operators now than any time in the service's history.

      • Talking to people is dying, data services aren't. E.g. In the FPV / RC Aircraft community it's common to get licensed so you can legally operate with better antennas and more powerful transmitters. That's what I use mine for. I wanted to do APRS for telemetry too, but the dirt cheap PSK31 modules have met my needs well enough. I'll probably pass on APRS and jump to LoRaWan next.

        KJ4QCU

  • If the citizens of the US are for something, the gov't will take the opposite stance. So kiss your spectrum goodbye, which pisses me off, as I was thinking about getting into the hobby to listen in on numbers stations.

    Yes I can do it online (WebSDR IIRC http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8... [utwente.nl])
    But it's not the same...

    • I read something from a political scientist that if 90% of American Citizens are in favor of something, it has a 30% chance of becoming law. If 10% of American Citizens are in favor of something, it also has a 30% chance of becoming law. But if 90% of billionaires or corporations are in favor of something, it has a 99% chance of becoming law. I don't remember exactly where I read this. But it speaks volumes about how our system no longer represents the will of the people. This is not a "liberal" nor a "cons
    • as I was thinking about getting into the hobby to listen in on numbers stations.

      You do not need to be a licensed amateur to listen to numbers stations. If all you're doing is listening to them, then you are not "getting into the hobby".

  • Weâ(TM)ve handed over control everything to the government. What rights does a human have anymore other than what meager scraps government is willing to provide?

  • by grumling ( 94709 ) on Monday July 08, 2019 @12:41PM (#58891416) Homepage

    People have been grousing about Winlink from the beginning, mostly because a few people on ocean going yachts use it for email instead of using a commercial band service.

  • The Red Cross activated ham radio operators in 2017 after Hurricane Maria:
    https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/27... [cnn.com]

    A possibly-biased summary of some post-event discussion from early 2018 is here:
    https://www.hamradio.me/emcomm... [hamradio.me]

    For more, fire up your favorite search engine and search for something along the lines of ham radio use in Puerto Rico after hurricane maria.

    Posted by an AC who has been a ham since 2010 and a Slashdot contributor for even longer.

    • This seems to be the only argument for ham radio. "But what about the emergency services!?"

      However if the frequencies could be sold for a few billion dollars we could put 30 professionals on federal payroll for $30m a year or less to fly them to wherever they're needed within a few hours of any disaster, setup and maintain repeaters etc.

      And we could operate that program effectively indefinitely with the money raised. The question becomes if it makes sense to achieve the same outcome for less money or use

      • It's actually worse than that. Ham radio used to be an absolutely essential service in emergencies, yes - but these days, a major emergency means the government will soon be going in with satellite radios, mesh radios, and pop-up cell towers. The only need for hams is in situations where people want to send personal messages, or if the government response is completely inept (Hams got to play an important role in Puerto Rico for that reason). Communications technology has improved to the point where you no

  • Considering this is Slashdot can we somehow blame Microsoft for this?

  • As I'm pretty sure the gentleman is talking about APRS. That said one thing I love about DMR is you get double to bandwidth on a single frequency. That's kind of nice.
    • APRS is the last remnant of the once-great packet radio. A ham-run internet, before the internet - source-routing, full network stack, mailbox and BBS services. Really cool stuff in the day, but it faded into disuse years ago - you'll have a hard time finding a packet BBS now, but it does still serve as the underlying transport for APRS.

  • It is just as boring as ham radio...
  • Who cares about how people use the frequency. What matters is there's a proposal to reallocate part of the 2m spectrum (144-148MHz) for aeronautical use (specifically, 144-146MHz).

    This is currently on the ITU proposal stage, set to be debated in 2023.

    Yes, it's a long ways away, but arguing over usage is less important if you lose the band in the first place.

    And yes, you can't just arbitrarily take it over - after all, the only thing slower than frequency allocations is aviation, so while full reallocation will easily take a decade or more (and even then, aviation will probably take two or three decades to start using the band - ADS-B has been around for at least close to two decades and it's still optional (mandatory in 2020 in the US, but other countries will be optional).

  • If you need a license to use it, it can't be a utility because every other utility can be accessed without a license. You don't need to pass a test to use the phone or water or electricity. Yes, I know, some people should but that's a separate issue.

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