Could a New Charge Double the Service-life of Li-Ion Batteries? (sciencedaily.com) 88
"An improved charging protocol might help lithium-ion batteries to last much longer," writes Science Daily:
The best commercial lithium-ion batteries...have a service life of up to eight years. Batteries are usually charged with a constant current flow. But is this really the most favorable method? A new study by Prof. Philipp Adelhelm's group at HZB and Humboldt-University Berlin answers this question clearly with "no." [In collaboration with teams including the Technical University of Berlin.]
Part of the battery tests were carried out at Aalborg University. The batteries were either charged conventionally with constant current (CC) or with a new charging protocol with pulsed current (PC). Post-mortem analyses revealed clear differences after several charging cycles: In the CC samples, the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) at the anode was significantly thicker, which impaired the capacity... PC-charging led to a thinner SEI interface and fewer structural changes in the electrode materials.
The study is published in the journal Advanced Energy Materials and analyzes the effect of the charging protocol on the service time of the battery, according to the article. "The frequency of the pulsed current counts..."
"Doubling the life of your EV's battery or even your smartphone's battery is no small thing," says Slashdot reader NewtonsLaw...
Part of the battery tests were carried out at Aalborg University. The batteries were either charged conventionally with constant current (CC) or with a new charging protocol with pulsed current (PC). Post-mortem analyses revealed clear differences after several charging cycles: In the CC samples, the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) at the anode was significantly thicker, which impaired the capacity... PC-charging led to a thinner SEI interface and fewer structural changes in the electrode materials.
The study is published in the journal Advanced Energy Materials and analyzes the effect of the charging protocol on the service time of the battery, according to the article. "The frequency of the pulsed current counts..."
"Doubling the life of your EV's battery or even your smartphone's battery is no small thing," says Slashdot reader NewtonsLaw...
maybe no thing at all (Score:2, Interesting)
"Doubling the life of your EV's battery or even your smartphone's battery is no small thing,"
And it may be a bigger thing that the trivial suggestion offered here. And also it may be valueless. How many smartphones benefit from a doubling of cycle life, if that were possible? And how does the charging profile interact with battery usage (which is much different for EVs and smartphones).
More interested in developments of the batteries themselves, not this.
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Not so fast. There are many scenarios where a life extending charge method could be really helpful, including cellphones and EVs. Perhaps you like to get a new cellphone after 2 years and don't think doubling the total life of the battery is worth it, but wouldn't you like it if your nearly 2 year old phone still held a charge like a nearly 1 year old phone? Don't you thing that at least for some people that might make it worthwhile to hold on to it for another year?
For EVs, one of the biggest worries is ho
Re:maybe no thing at all (Score:4, Insightful)
>"There are many scenarios where a life extending charge method could be really helpful"
And that holds true, even if it takes LONGER to charge (not saying it would). I have my Linux laptop and my Android phone both set to charge to 85% maximum to prolong life (unfortunately, no such setting for my smart watch). I also charge with a slower (lower amperage) charger on the phone, for the same reason. Also do that on my NiMH battery charger- lowest rate (even says in the manual that will prolong battery life). 99% of the time, I don't care how long it takes with these devices, because it is going on the charger at night and certainly will not take more than 8, 9, or whatever hours.
If I had an EV, I would want to charge it the same way at home, at a low rate and not to full. I would always have at least 10 hours, and usually much longer downtime.
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If we're genuinely interested in conserving finite natural resources, you know, so that we don't have to start wars to take other countries' & pollute the environment to the extent that i
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One thing to know about EVs in particular is that faster charges are more efficient, because the battery needs to be heated for optimal charging, and there's a fixed amount of power that gets used to keep it warm. This is why already-slow L1 charging can be useless in cold weather, because most of the power coming from a 120V AC outlet is going to the battery heater, not the batteries themselves. On an L2 charger, this can use as much as 3-4A overhead depending on the weather, a good chunk of your total dra
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Then again, perhaps this technique isn't needed to get to where we need to be. CATL just announced a "million mile" battery (1.5m km) and said the battery could be warranted for 15 years with 0% degradation over the first five.
https://electrek.co/2024/04/03... [electrek.co]
In regard to this article, one possibility that strikes me is that a manufacturer could use standard fast charging when at a super-charger, and do the PC method when at home most of the time. Not sure it has to be either-or.
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Fast charges are useful for long distance travel. You stop and recharge your gas tank in five minutes. A quick pay and snack and on the road again.
You are correct you can slow charge a lot of the time spending 5-8 hours to complete a charge.
Experimenting in charge types and conditions is very important.
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For day to day getting from A to B, this isn't an issue, this is an edge-case scenario for the vast majority of people. Also, there's nothing to stop EV owners from renting other vehicles su
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As some one qho siad i dont need a truck everyday i can rent one when i need one. I quickly learned the truth renting a vehicle even with planning 2 weeks out can suck hard
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It strongly depends on where you live. I'm in Penticton, BC, and there are times of the year where renting is easy. That is, any time that isn't the summer, because we're a big tourist destination in the summer. Between May and October, forget about short-timeline rentals. You need to book MONTHS in advance.
As to the proposal that EVs be made compatible with small generators: that's a lovely idea on paper, but I think you're deeply underestimating how much design that would take. A generator is heavy and ho
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Biggest problem is that most people simply don't plug them in, which means that you're now basically lugging around a battery and electric powertrain that's underutilized.
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That seems crazy to me--electricity is so much cheaper these days. Where are you getting that stat? If it's true, it's FASCINATING. Like, why even BUY a PHEV if you're not going to plug it in?
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I don't understand this obsession in the media about how quickly people can charge their EVs. The vast majority of cars are parked 95% of the time; they have all the time in the world to charge.
Sure - but do they have the opportunity to charge? How many apartment complexes have charging capability for all tenants, plus a few for two-car households? Never mind visitors. So that's roughly eight hours of the day where a car may not be chargeable.
Then there's the workplace. How many companies have or will have a charger for every parking spot? So some or many people may not be able to charge their cars at work - there's another eight-hour charging opportunity gone.
Until we have saturation-level charg
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Sure, overnight is enough. But as I said in my comment:
How many apartment complexes have charging capability for all tenants, plus a few for two-car households?
and
How many companies have or will have a charger for every parking spot?
If electric car adoption outstrips charging infrastructure - as seems likely - people may not have many opportunities to fully charge their cars. So they may have to sit at a charging station twiddling their thumbs. Worse, they may be stuck with insufficient charge to get to work on time, or 'worser still', not enough charge in an emergency situation. THAT is a major reason for people's concern over both charging speed, and range.
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Plus, at the core of the problem is the insistence that the majority of the people, regardless of their circumstances, have to drive their own car to work every day, at more or less the same time as everyone else, sit in traffic jams, & then park it somewhere for most of the day. There's a lot of ways to reduce this kind of waste & soul-sucking m
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>"I don't understand this obsession in the media about how quickly people can charge their EVs."
Two reasons: Long distance travel, and for those who can't charge at home. And those are both valid. But for other times, slow would be fine, if it is better for the batteries.
>"If we're genuinely interested in conserving finite natural resources,[...], we really need to look more systematically at how we get from A to B on a daily basis"
I think we need to look at how we produce energy, primarily. The s
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Alas, we are spoiled by this, and trying to force people to do something else is likely to fail (and has failed). I admit, I am spoiled as well. I want to get into my vehicle how and when I want, with storage, and go directly and quickly to where I want to go, in peace, comfort, and silence, and return back the same way. It really is a miracle, and incredibly wasteful, and I love it.
>"There's a plethora of alternatives that are more efficient & convenient"
Efficient, yes. Convenient for most use cases and areas, no.
In other parts of the world, it isn't necessary to have a car. We can get to everywhere in our daily lives on foot, bike, public transport, etc., quickly & conveniently. I understand that in some better developed cities in north America it's becoming more common to ditch cars altogether but I also understand that decades of bizarre urban planning means that many towns & cities are very difficult to live in without a car.
I, for one, prefer not to live next to busy roads surrounded by car parking.
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The solution will most likely need to be nuclear fission or fusion. The current thought of covering the planet in [expensive and life-limited] solar panels and windmills and using tons of low-life batteries isn't going to cut it.
Fortunately no one is building your strawman renewable systems. Those "expensive" solar panels provide energy at much lower cost than nuclear power [wikipedia.org] even including the planned panel replacement rate of 3-4% a year (you know that all electricity infrastructure requires investment at about this level to maintain do you not?). Inserting the word "expensive" in front of solar does not make it expensive, it only makes what you write silly. Also, the actual leading contender for large scale energy storage when so
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I don't understand this obsession in the media about how quickly people can charge their EVs. The vast majority of cars are parked 95% of the time; they have all the time in the world to charge (See: https://usa.streetsblog.org/20 [streetsblog.org]... [streetsblog.org]). It's almost as if there's some vested interest in keeping things the way they are.
My car spends weeks parked. But on road trips it does actually help. With modern fast chargers you can get your car to your next charging point comfortably in a toilet break + coffee. Not so with older EVs.
The fascination is in producing an item of maximum utility. That's not to say normal EVs aren't usable.
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I don't understand this obsession in the media about how quickly people can charge their EVs. The vast majority of cars are parked 95% of the time; they have all the time in the world to charge (See: https://usa.streetsblog.org/20... [streetsblog.org]). It's almost as if there's some vested interest in keeping things the way they are.
No, it's the exact opposite. The problem is when we think about the future. In the current situation, a relatively small percentage of car owners have EVs that charge either in their garage/driveway or at work. Charging for these owners seems to work because currently higher priced EVs are purchased by higher income people, who generally have garages/driveways and/or free or low-cost charging at work. In order to transition to a situation where most cars are EVs requires the EV-version of gas stations t
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Your brain in stuck in the current paradigm. Don't you think infrastructure will adapt to changes in needs?
Charging time is not just an engineering task. It's a future research challenge. There is no practical way to charge an EV in 5 minutes currently. Until this is practical, no amount of engineering will fix the problem. So, we're stuck in the current paradigm until future research solves the charging time problem.
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The problem is that a lot of solutions that work elsewhere in the world won't work in the United States. I won't go into the reasons, because on this site, saying anything other than "America is the best at everything all the time" is going to be modded into oblivion. Actually, this comment will be, too, but it might last a little longer. Just think in terms of "this is why we can't have nice things", if you want to understand why, for example, publicly owned driverless cars that show up when you call th
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It does not seem that capping charging on linux laptop is a generic thing. Is it?
I also don't see that option on my android phone. I see optimized charging that don't go to 100% until it thinks you are about to unplug, but I don't see a "cap at 80%" option.
Am I missing something?
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>"It does not seem that capping charging on linux laptop is a generic thing. Is it?"
TLP can manage battery life and restrict charging to whatever ranges wanted.
See https://linrunner.de/tlp/usage... [linrunner.de] control through /etc/tlp.conf Edited /etc/tlp.conf and uncommented the two battery thresholds and it works to keep the battery charged no more than X amount.
>"I also don't see that option on my android phone."
Unfortunately, it entirely depends on your brand of phone and version of Android. Recent Samsun
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Re:maybe no thing at all (Score:4, Insightful)
I've had my iPhone for six years and have no plans to replace it. It has 80% of its original battery capacity, which is good enough to get me through the day.
When people replace phones, the old phones are often sent to developing countries, where they are refurbed and reused. So a longer battery life means that the batteries will be used for a long time by someone even if it isn't you.
But the big win is for EVs. People often keep cars for 20 years or more, and the other parts on an EV wear much less than an ICE, so the battery is the weak link.
Disclaimer: I've had my EV for nine years.
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Agreed. I tend to keep a cellphone until it's dead. The last one I had went through a couple screen protectors and a new battery until one day it simply wouldn't connect to the cellular network anymore. I would certainly like an extended battery life, especially since the trend is towards harder to replace batteries now.
Since a phone can run from the charger when it's plugged in, a pulsed charging circuit wouldn't be all that complicated and shouldn't add much cost, even given the silly markups in play th
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I keep cell phones a "long" time, too.
My previous phone was a Moto G5 Plus and I used it from 2017 to 2021 (4.5 years). Before that was a Nexus 5 which I used for 4+ years. This current phone, Samsung A52 5G, is already 2.5 years old and will probably get at least 4 years out of it.
I don't get these people who replace their phones every year or two, especially when they get the $1000+ flagships. Kinda crazy. I like the Samsung A series, has most of the flagship features but for 1/3 of the cost. (This o
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I keep cell phones a "long" time, too.
I'm happy to keep my phones for a long time for the environmental benefits of doing so. But in my case there are additional incentives. It's a real PITA to find a decent phone with a LineageOS build that works well. And then it's a white-knuckle PITA of a process to get LineageOS onto it - I bricked one phone in the attempt. So once I have a functional phone that's set up the way I like and has a minimal amount of Google spyware on it, I keep it until it's truly on its last legs.
If comms infrastructure didn
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If comms infrastructure didn't change as frequently as it does - making older models partially or fully obsolete - I'd buy two phones at once, set them both up, and store one against the time when the other dies.
For maximum life you'd want to set the backup phone to somewhere in the 50-70% charge range and leave it plugged in, since the battery has the longest lifespan at that charge level (depending on chemistry.)
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Heh. I'm currently hot-spotting off a Motorola RAZR HD that I bought in 2013. I use it for phone calls, SMS, and occasional hotspotting. The battery *still* lasts over a day, and I'm only replacing it because Telstra is closing the 3G network and claims this phone won't be able to make emergency calls. I'll keep it for taking photos or playing music something.
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I still have my iPhone 4S.
I used it for 10 to 12 years, perhaps longer.
Replaced the battery two times and the screen once or twice.
Unless the old phone is broken, I do not need a new one.
Re: maybe no thing at all (Score:2)
The manufacturers want you to replace your phone every 2 years so they will just use this to shrink the batteries.
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>"The manufacturers want you to replace your phone every 2 years"
Perhaps, but they can do that with just junk updates.
>"so they will just use this to shrink the batteries."
Nope. That would reduce the operating time. Consumers won't go for that. Operating time is even more important than long-term battery life.
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Perhaps, but they can do that with just junk updates.
That's what did in my iPhone 6s last year after 7 years. It started to run down from full charge in 2 hours without doing anything, and getting quite hot in the process. Battery was still at 83% it was just the the software was now eating power for no reason, with no practical way to stop it.
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They can't shrink the batteries, who will buy a phone where the battery has to be charged 3-4 times a day? Batteries have a certain capacity because most people don't want to charge them more than once a day. And that is not related in any way to how many years the battery will last.
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IIRC, it's been more of a think for NiCd than LiIon.
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No, it may not be "valueless". What crappy agenda are you trying to push?
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EVs was the subject quoted though where batte
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How many smartphones benefit from a doubling of cycle life, if that were possible?
Now that we have 4 gigs and 8 cores on even cheap phones? All the ones which get software updates. That hasn't been a priority because of the battery situation, but if the battery life improves enough then maybe it will happen. Another way this could benefit users is that right now you have to put enough battery into a device so that even once it degrades due to the number and nature of charge cycles it can still power your device. Apple has famously botched this for several devices and had to throttle perf
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Battery lifetime has been my #1 complaint about laptops. Same for cars.
Just looked at my spouses computer, which is starting to get a bit slow at times (it's actually the drive and RAM that is slow). 12 years old, zero hardware maintenance required so far. Half the price, twice the lifetime of a comparable laptop, if not 3x the lifetime.
Same with cars, I keep my cars 15-20 years. So yeah, big deal - especially, if this "change" is essentially free. Of course, industry is not interested. Rather build device
Doubling? RTFM (Score:1)
Re:Doubling? RTFM (Score:5, Informative)
I did read it. (Score:3)
These studies have been carried out for batteries with various electrodes (NMC, LFP, and LCO) and battery formats (coin cell, pouch cell, and cylindrical cell) and show promising results, demonstrating the potential of PC charging for improving battery stability by a significant margin, ranging from 0.5% to 34%, as depicted in Figure 1.
Stability is different than the lifetime of the battery as the opening of the conclusion should have made it clear.
In this study, we show that pulse current charging can significantly enhance the cycling stability of commercial NMC532/graphite batteries and prolong their cycle life (from 500 cycles to >1000 cycles).
Now... which one of us didn't RTFM?
Talk To The Electric R\C Modellers. (Score:4, Informative)
Those guys are experts at getting the maximum output out of cells. For like decades. It started back with Ni-cad's and has progressed up to the latest tech there is.
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They are also fine with a battery occasionally blowing up and lifetime is not much of a factor. This article is about _lifetime_, not output.
Re:Talk To The Electric R\C Modellers. (Score:5, Interesting)
Wrong. They have a full variety of needs and applications for the cells. A failed cell usually means a very expensive model crashing to the ground in a total loss that may have taken hundreds of hours to complete and costs thousands of dollars. If anyone cares about losing a cell it's these guys.
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A lost cell does not mean the whole battery is lost.only the strange the cell belongs too is lost.
Re: Talk To The Electric R\C Modellers. (Score:2)
And the cells are inside a closed block. Also replacing a cell can result in an unbalanced pack that's less efficient.
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A lost cell does not mean the whole battery is lost.
Most R/C models do not have redundant power systems with failure detection. Unless a cell or connection fails completely open, a cell fault in a parallel string will compromise the performance of the entire battery. If you care very, very much about loss then maybe you will have a monitoring system with failure cutout, and redundant power making that possible. But the additional complexity and weight are also undesirable.
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If anyone cares about losing a cell it's these guys.
Don't forget the Electric Unicycle (EUC) guys. They care about the health of every single cell in each battery pack. Their personal health and safety is utterly reliant upon the health of the cells.
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This is about recharging them, which modellers do by default. Dumb ass.
And here I thought it was about dendrites (Score:5, Interesting)
When I started reading the description, I felt sure that they were going to say that pulsed charging burned up the tips of the dendrites that form inside the batteries, thus inhibiting their growth, but we've known that for a decade [acs.org]. So my initial reaction was "Yeah, no kidding, of course it will." But unless I'm misunderstanding, this is yet a second, unrelated reason to do so.
The only real question is why we haven't been doing it for a decade. Unless some a**hole took out a patent on it or something. :-)
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The only real question is why we haven't been doing it for a decade.
Simple: Fossile fuel interests (a.k.a. people that do not care they destroy the ecosphere as long as it makes them money) have no interest in batteries getting better. In fact, they are outright opposed to it. Same for smartphone-makers that did their best to make batteries non-replaceable so they can sell more phones. Hence getting funding for research like this is difficult.
Clearly evil, but that is what greed does to weak people.
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The only real question is why we haven't been doing it for a decade.
Simple: Fossile fuel interests (a.k.a. people that do not care they destroy the ecosphere as long as it makes them money) have no interest in batteries getting better.
Yeah, but electronics manufacturers and companies like Tesla *do* have an interest in doing that, and research papers have been showing benefits from this approach for a really long time. That paper I linked was published in 2014, literally a decade ago. It's weird that nobody is doing that, unless there's some downside besides longer charging time.
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I guess is more the conflict between water proof and user openable.
And most smart phones, including Apples can have the battery replaced. You only need the right tools and need to know how to do it.
Basically every shopping mall here has several smart phone repair gurus.
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The "waterproof" claim is a pretty convincing cover story, isn't it?
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My Nokia "Star Trek" (was it called Star Tag?) survived in the toilet bowl just fine. :)
My Samsung A20 was nearly dead after "getting wet" in a bag. Did not try my iPhone yet
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Dendrites is a problem for NiCd batteries. This study is about LiIon batteries where the problem if cracking in the medium the Li is embedded in and formation of a high resistance layer. According to the study, pulsed charging reduces both effects.
Re:And here I thought it was about dendrites (Score:4, Informative)
Dendrites is a problem for NiCd batteries. This study is about LiIon batteries where the problem if cracking in the medium the Li is embedded in and formation of a high resistance layer. According to the study, pulsed charging reduces both effects.
To the best of my knowledge, dendrites can occur with quite literally every wet-cell battery chemistry ever invented to date — lead-acid, NiCd, NiMH, zinc-ion, and Lithium ion. Heck, even a potato battery [reddit.com] at least ostensibly can exhibit dendritic growth to some degree.
Dendrites are the one of the leading causes of catastrophic lithium ion battery failures. When those whiskers of metallic lithium grow large enough, they can puncture the separator and reach the cathode, at which point they cause a short circuit that creates very rapid localized heating, which can cause a thermal runaway that tends to destroy the cell along with the device containing it.
Re:And here I thought it was about dendrites (Score:4, Informative)
In LiIon batteries, IIRC, the dendrites only form to a significant degree when the battery is abused. That's why most LiIon batteries simply fade away to uselessness rather than the considerably more violent end that happens when the separator is punctured.
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In LiIon batteries, IIRC, the dendrites only form to a significant degree when the battery is abused.
While technically true, that definition of "abuse" has to include things like fast charging, bringing the cell close to 100% state of charge, charging when it's too cold outside, allowing the battery to get too warm, and starting to drain the battery immediately after charging [sciencedirect.com]. With the exception of charging to 100%, all of those are things that many car owners can't really avoid. So you can't really just wave your hands and say "That's abuse," because such abuse is common enough for entire lines of produ
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Many lead acid battery chargers have a "refresh" mode that pulses current, so it's a well known and established technique.
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It's the basis of PWM (pulse width modulated) technology. Switching the current on and off at 200MHz IIRC. Apparently it helps to break down insoluble crystals that form in lead-acid cells.
Re: And here I thought it was about dendrites (Score:2)
It hasn't been done because the manufacturers want to sell more devices.
Spoiler alert (Score:3)
The effect is greatest with a 2KHz square wave. A 100 Hz square wave had a lesser but significant effect.
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Interesting.
I'm building a solar battery from LTO cells and am now wondering about adding a simple square driver.
Gotta see if they're NMC or not. 20,000 cycle rating natively might go to 40,000?
Quote:
```
The length of relaxation period was
the same as current pulse, resulting in a Duty Ratio of 50% under PC charg-
ing. The average current for all three charging modes were kept the same
(1C, i.e., 2.2 A), thus the current during PC charging (2C, i.e., 4.4 A) was
twice as large as that during CC charging.
```
Sounds a lot like PWM (Score:2)
MPPT controllers vs. PWM controllers.
PWM works better for flooded-lead-acid batteries (FLA) - old-school, but still very capable.
PWM works better for FLA, but not so much for lithium technologies.
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It is PWM at 2KHz square wave on a 50% duty cycle (relaxation time same duration as current pulse.)
Apple hates this one weird trick! (Score:3)
8 years, huh? (Score:2)
>>> The best commercial lithium-ion batteries...have a service life of up to eight years.
Well, I guess my 6 year old / 90,000 mile Tesla is going to be junk here in the near future. Either that, or it doesn't have "The best commercial lithium-io batteries" in it.
One thing I've learned in owning an EV for 6 years - there's a huge battery advance happening every week. Remarkably, very few of them make it to production. I'll believe this one when I see it.
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Pulse charging is nothing new. (Score:2)
In fact it is common even for Lithium batteries (Score:2)
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I had a couple Spintec Battery Manager V2 dischargers that did pulse discharging, which claimed to have some special sauce for NiMH battery packs. Maybe it was a bit snake oil but I found that they did help in re-conditioning my NiMH battery packs.
Useless Lab Work vs Real-World Performance (Score:1)
What is missing in the paper are any comparisons of key operational characteristics, such as charge efficiency and charge rate.
It is well known that trickle charging NMC cells also greatly increases cycle lifetime. Are you willing to turn a 15-minute charging stop to 150 hours? Where does pulse charging fall on the spectrum between trickle charging, Level 1, Level 2 and 50C DC fast charging (DCFC)?
I find it interesting their 100 Hz pulse rate just happens to match that of a rectified 50 Hz line frequency. I
how long to charge (Score:1)