Developing New Materials With Space Science

Scientists at the European Space Agency are using techniques inspired by their experience with outer space to make new and better products here on Earth. Certain compounds and alloys which are not normally viable can be made in different ways once forces such as gravity are removed from the equation. From BBC News: "The near absence of gravity (microgravity) has a profound influence on the way molten metals come together to form intermetallics and 'standard' alloys. With no 'up' and 'down' in the space environment, a melt doesn't rise and sink as it would at the planet's surface and that means solidification can turn out very differently. 'Gravity induces a lot of segregation of the elements,' explains IMPRESS scientist Dr Guillaume Reinhart. 'For instance, tantalum and niobium are heavy atoms and in doing the solidification process on the ground, they will segregate in different places and produce a very heterogeneous material. If you do this in microgravity, you obtain a very homogenous material because you prevent separation; and you have a much more efficient material, mechanically.'"

Incentive for Commercial Space Exploration

This is exactly what we need to jump-start serious commercial investment from companies like Dow Chemicals in space exploration. They'll never give more than token amounts to a project which is for the "betterment of mankind and improvement of human knowledge".

But...if they think that they can make products superior to their competitors (or even better, products which are unique) then you can bet they'll be very interested in setting up orbital refineries and finding economical ways of doing it.

This is the first really hopeful news about a continued human presence in space that I've heard in quite some time (Virgin's space gimmicks notwithstanding).

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I think that, in the minds of your average person, the "conquest of space" was completed back in the late 1960's and now most view it as a drain on the budget and a waste of resources better used elsewhere. Unfortunately this mindset is also present in the

The problem with corporations

Scientists at the European Space Agency are using techniques inspired by their experience with outer space.

And this is why companies should understand that science projects that are for the betterment of mankind and for the improvement of human knowledge are long term investments.

The problem is that the goal of corporations is to make a lot of profit in the

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Exactly. Pure science will always have its backers, but if you can convince politicians by connecting the dots between pure science and applied science you can convince a few more to lead. Stuff like this is only an earmark or two away from tenability.

Ev

NASA used to talk about this

Back when the Shuttle was called the "National Space Transportation System" and NASA was claiming that launch costs would come down, NASA used to talk about materials processing in space. That was a long time ago.

The trouble with materials processing in space is that for small things, gravity is dominated by surface tension and other forces like Brownian motion. So biological processing in space never amounted to much. Some early Shuttle flights carried an electrophoresis apparatus designed for zero-G operation to make some kind of diabetes drug. But bioengineering went beyond that approach; today it's easier to engineer some bacterium to crank out whatever you need.

For big objects, there would be some advantages (and many disadvantages) to working in zero G. Handling molten metal in zero G safely would be tough. One molten droplet could puncture anything we currently send into space. With gravity and in air, molten droplets don't travel very far and cool. In space, they can go a long way. Steel mills use floors of dirt or refractory brick in molten metal areas; concrete will blow up when its water content boils. Welding in space [newscientist.com] has been tried, but on a very small scale, and very nervously.

Lift to orbit is far too expensive to justify flying heavy metal up there for casting and welding. This is one of those ideas that won't be feasible unless and until lift to orbit costs about what long distance air travel costs now.

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Asteroid mining/refining?

Re:NASA used to talk about this

I beg to disagree! The potential usefulness of novel vacuum cast alloys is incalculable. I just can't stand the attitude that we should not do a thing because of expense or difficulty. A REAL engineer rolls up his sleeves and figures it out! Who knows? Some material(s) yet to be invented, only possible to make in a vacuum may be the key to making a spacecraft efficient enough to bring down launch costs! Developing new technologies is always difficult and expensive, but you never learn how to do anything until you overcome the obstacles and DO it!!

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AHEM! When I say 'VACUUM" above of course I meant "ZERO GEE" Yeah, I know!

Hey yeah!

That's where that "NASA approved" memory foam came from!

Single Crystal Superalloys?

Haven't single crystal superalloy tech already solved the problems caused by gravity and metallurgy? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superalloy [wikipedia.org] I don't know, just asking...

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Doesn't the answer to that question depend on exactly what properties one would like the resulting material to have?

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Oops, I mean "The desired properties are homogeneity."

Do it on earth with freefall?

Can you get a similar gravity situation on Earth by having the chemical reactions happen in free fall?

Its been done

Why do you think they keep cement trucks' mixers rotaing slowly during transportation?

Near absence of gravity...

TFA: The near absence of gravity (microgravity) ...

JFTR: At 400km above ground (the ISS's orbit), the gravitational acceleration
the Earth exerts is still about 88% of the acceleration on the ground.

It is a very common misconception that gravity somehow instantly vanishes as you
arrive in space. It isn't so - in fact, gravity is crucial for that weightlessness in orbit.

Re:Why use space?

The time to heat, mold, cool a new metal could take hours, no practical way to setup an hour long freefall.

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Sure. But what if you keep rotating the mold as it cools down? Or do something similar?

But yeah, people often don't want a homogeneous material, they want stuff like the material being different at the edges from the core. So maybe "weightless" environment

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Actually, orbiting is considered free falling, and that can obviously last much longer than a few hours. That's one of the main reasons that newbie astronauts vomit in space, because even though it looks like they experience no sensation, they actually fee

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Earths magnetic field? Centerfugal (spelling?)

Re:Why use space?

Ignoring the deceleration problem at the bottom, with a 5 km shaft (which is not cheap to make) you only get 30 seconds of free fall to work with. And that's in a vacuum! In any shaft on earth, you are going to have air, which means you will hit terminal velocity at some point, which will ruin the effect.

This duration of free fall is comparable to the Vomit Comet, which can produce brief periods of free fall without the ugly smashing part at the bottom of a mine shaft. :)

Re:Why use space?

Terminal velocity can be overcome by generating a partial vacuum in the tower, and by accelerating the falling cabin downwards past terminal velocity, on some sort of rail system.

I think there is one free-fall tower for scientific experiments that does both of these already but I do not remember where I read that.

The short duration of freefall for any realistic height for a tower remains thought

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You speak like a physicist, not an engineer. In theory, you are correct. In reality, how will you launch the material, such that it travels at exactly 0 degrees from vertical, at the required velocity? Solving for v in m*h*g=0.5*m*v^2 I get 150 m/s launch

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Mining of asteroids and the moon will have to be developed obviously.

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Everyone loves the overpowered monstrous Gundams, but there's something in me that likes the simpler Zakus. I also like the RK-92 Savage from Full Metal Panic. There's just something about clunky, mass-produced military technology.

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...to Gundanium [wikipedia.org], one step closer to Gundams.

I hear the Japanese Department of Agriculture is in charge of that project.